The theory of argumentation is a rich, interdisciplinary area of research involving philosophy, communications studies, linguistics, psychology, and logics. Its techniques have found a wide range of applications in both theoretical and practical branches of artificial intelligence and computer science. Multi-agent systems theory has picked up argumentation-inspired approaches and specifically argumentation-theoretic results from many different areas. Researchers in argumentation and multi-agent systems are currently enjoying a unique opportunity to integrate the various understandings of argument into a coherent and core part of the functioning of autonomous computational systems.
This book originates from the First International Workshop on Argumentation in Multi-Agent Systems, ArgMAS 2004, held in New York, NY, USA in July 2004. Besides 12 selected revised full papers taken from the workshop, 4 additional papers by key people in the area round off overall coverage of the relevant topics. The papers address the following main topics: foundations of dialogues, belief revision, persuasion and deliberation, negotiation, and strategic issues.
Author(s): Iyad Rahwan, Pavlos Moraitis, Chris Reed
Series: Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 3366
Edition: 1
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2005
Language: English
Pages: 273
Front matter......Page 1
Introduction......Page 12
Background......Page 13
Locutions and Attitudes......Page 15
Inquiry......Page 17
Classes of Protocol......Page 18
The General Shape of Dialogues......Page 19
Simple Dialogues......Page 21
More Complex Dialogues......Page 23
Conclusions......Page 28
Introduction......Page 30
Argumentation Schemes in Natural Discourse......Page 31
A Theory of Argumentation Schemes......Page 32
Elements of a Formalisation of Argumentation Schemes......Page 35
Representation......Page 36
The Role of Schemes in Agent Communication......Page 38
Concluding Remarks......Page 39
References......Page 40
Introduction......Page 42
Motivation......Page 43
Hamblin's Formal-Dialectic and Successors......Page 44
Specifying Sets of Moves......Page 45
Specifying Dialogue Stages......Page 49
Implementation......Page 50
The Benefits......Page 51
Conclusions......Page 52
Introduction......Page 55
Social Commitments......Page 56
Argumentation and Social Commitments......Page 57
Syntax......Page 58
Semantics......Page 61
Logic-Based Protocols......Page 68
Related Work......Page 71
References......Page 73
Introduction......Page 75
The Agent Reasoning Framework......Page 76
The Communication Framework......Page 78
Flexible Agent Strategies......Page 79
Flexible Society Protocols......Page 83
Related Work and Conclusions......Page 86
Belief Revision Without Argumentation......Page 89
A Cognitive Model of Data-Oriented Belief Revision (DBR)......Page 90
Data and Beliefs: Properties and Interactions......Page 91
Belief Selection......Page 93
Information Update and Data Assessment......Page 94
Argumentation and Belief Revision......Page 96
Rhetoric and Audience’s Beliefs......Page 97
Toulmin Revis(it)ed......Page 98
Revising Contradictions in Argumentation......Page 99
Parameters and Argumentation......Page 101
Conclusions and Future Works......Page 103
References......Page 104
Introduction......Page 106
ODeLP: Observation-Based DeLP......Page 107
Inference Mechanism......Page 108
Modeling Beliefs and Perceptions in ODeLP......Page 111
Truth Maintenance Systems: A Brief Overview......Page 112
Dialectical Databases in ODeLP......Page 113
Speeding Up Inference in ODeLP with Dialectical Databases......Page 116
A Worked Example......Page 119
Conclusions and Future Work......Page 120
Introduction......Page 122
An Example Network......Page 123
Conditional Probability Tables......Page 124
Evidence Nodes and Query Nodes......Page 125
Bayesian Inference......Page 126
Argumentation......Page 127
Differences......Page 128
Arguments......Page 130
Attack......Page 131
Towards an Algorithm......Page 132
Algorithm......Page 134
Experiments and Results......Page 135
Related Work......Page 137
Conclusion......Page 138
Introduction......Page 141
Social Commitment......Page 142
Argumentation and Social Commitments......Page 143
Specification of a Persuasion Dialogue Game Based on the CAN Formalism......Page 144
General Form......Page 145
Algorithms of the Persuasion Dialogue Game......Page 147
Trustworthiness Model......Page 149
Estimating Agent’s Trustworthiness......Page 151
Implementation......Page 152
Discussion......Page 153
Related Work......Page 156
References......Page 157
Introduction......Page 160
Stating a Position......Page 161
Attacking a Position......Page 162
Responding to an Attack and Resolution......Page 163
The PARMA Protocol......Page 164
A Denotational Semantics......Page 165
Implementation of the Dialogue Game......Page 170
Conclusions......Page 171
Introduction......Page 173
Deliberation Protocols......Page 175
Examples......Page 177
Trace Semantics......Page 178
Deals......Page 182
Discussion......Page 184
Introduction......Page 187
Agents and Plans......Page 188
Contracts and Deals......Page 190
Elements of Bargaining......Page 191
Limitations of Bargaining......Page 193
Argument-Based Negotiation......Page 194
Elements of ABN......Page 195
Some ABN Examples......Page 197
Position and Negotiation Set Dynamics......Page 199
Conclusions......Page 200
Introduction......Page 203
The Subjective Nature......Page 204
A Bipolar Nature......Page 205
Arguing About Goals......Page 206
Basic Definitions......Page 208
Conflicts Between Explanatory Arguments......Page 209
The Acceptability of Explanatory Arguments......Page 210
Basic Definitions......Page 211
The Strength of Instrumental Arguments......Page 212
Conflicts Between Instrumental Arguments......Page 213
Acceptability of Instrumental Arguments......Page 214
Handling Bipolar Goals......Page 215
Conclusion......Page 216
Introduction......Page 219
Argumentation Scenarios......Page 221
Related Work......Page 222
Definitions......Page 223
Architecture of Argumentation Based Agent......Page 224
Bayes Net Model of Opponent's Belief......Page 227
Bayesian Networks and Influence Diagram......Page 228
An Illustration of the Agent Belief Model......Page 229
Offer or Argument Selection Procedure......Page 230
Conclusion and Future Work......Page 232
Introduction and Motivation......Page 234
Decision-Theoretic Defeasible Logic Programming......Page 235
Negotiation......Page 239
Conclusions......Page 242
Introduction......Page 245
Related Work......Page 247
The Scenario......Page 248
Conflicts and Methods of Resolution......Page 251
Conflict Resolution Strategies......Page 253
Experimental Setting......Page 254
Results and Observations......Page 255
Conclusions and Future Work......Page 260
Introduction......Page 262
Background......Page 263
Contradiction in Dialogues......Page 266
Carrying Off a Lie......Page 268
Why Lie?......Page 269
Car Market......Page 270
Summary......Page 271
Back matter......Page 273
