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Archaeology of Logic

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The question arises whether logic was given to us by God or whether it is the result of human evolution. I believe that at least the modus ponens rule ( A and if A then B implies B) is inherent in humans, but probably many other modern systems (e.g., resource logic, non - monotonic logic etc.) are the result of humans adapating to the environment. It is therefore of interest to study and compare the way logic is used in ancient cultures as well as the way logic is going to be used in our 21st century. This welcome book studies and compares the way formation of logic in three cultures: Ancient Greek (4th century B.C.), Judaic (1st century B.C. – 1st century A.D.) and Indo-Buddhist (2nd century A.D.) The book notes that logic became especially popular during the period of late antiquity in countries covered by the international trade of the Silk Road. This study makes a valuable contribution to the history of logic and to the very understanding of the origions and nature of logical thinking. -Prof. Dov Gabbay, King's College London, UK

Andrew Schumann in his book demonsrates that logic step-by-step arose in different places and cultural circles. He argues that if we apply a structural-genealogical method, as well as turn to various sources, particularly, religious, philosophical, linguistic, etc., then we can obtain a more general and more adequate picture of emengence and development of logic. This book is a new and very valuable contribution to the history of logic as a manifestation of the human mind. - Prof. Jan Wolenski, Jagiellonian University, Poland

The author of the Archaeology of Logic defends the claim, calling it "logic is aftter all", which sees logical competence as a practical skill that people began to learn in antiquity, as soom as they realized that avoiding cognitive biases in their reasoning would make their daily activities more successful. The in-depth reading of the book with its diving into the comparative quotations in the long dead or hardly known to most of us languages like Sumerian-Akkadian, Aramatic, Hebrew and etc, will be rewarded by the response that the logical competence is diverse and it can be trained, despite the inevitabilitiy of the reasoning fallacies; and that critical discussions and agaonal character of the social lide are the necessary tools for that. - Prof. Elena Lisanyuk

Author(s): Andrew Schumann
Publisher: CRC Press/Science Publishers
Year: 2023

Language: English
Pages: 439
City: Boca Raton

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Table of Contents
Introduction
1. Philosophical and Methodological Foundations for Studying the History of Logic of Various Religious and Philosophical Schools
1.1 Structuralist Approach to the History of Logical Knowledge and the Archaeology of Logic
1.1.1 Problem Setting
1.1.2 Periods of the Indian Philosophy According to the Hegelian Approach
1.1.3 Schelling versus Hegel
1.1.4 Mathematical Centrism in the History of Logic
1.1.5 Conclusions
1.2 Main Logical Traditions within the Framework of Archaeology of Logic
1.2.1 Problem Setting
1.2.2 Rabbi Ishmael’s Thirteen Hermeneutic Rules as a Kind of Logic
1.2.3 Some Proto-Logical Aspects of Mozi’s Hermeneutics
1.2.4 Sign-inferences in the Greek and Buddhist Logic
1.2.5 Conclusions
1.3 Analysis and Classification of Approaches to the Definition of Logical Competence
1.3.1 Problem Setting
1.3.2 Logical Psychologism and Its Criticism
1.3.3 Cognitive Biases and Informal Logic
1.3.4 Lateral Inhibition and Lateral Activation as a Biological Mechanism of Logical Operations
1.3.5 Cognitive Biases of Humans and Animals
1.3.6 Logical Competence as a Kind of Social Practice
1.3.7 Conclusions
2. Some Ways of Discovering Logical Competence in Social Practices
2.1 Methodology for Determining the Structural Similarity of Different Mythological Cycles of Different Peoples
2.1.1 Problem Setting
2.1.2 Homotopy Equivalence between Two Myths
2.1.3 Conclusions
2.2 Methodology for Determining the Structural Similarity of Different Ontological Pictures of Different Philosophical Traditions
2.2.1 Problem Setting
2.2.2 Comparison of Plato’s Phaedrus with the Pure Land Sūtras
2.2.3 Fragments from Lost Greco-Buddhist Texts
2.2.4 Some Direct Evidences of Influences of the Greek Astrology on the Indian One at the Time of the Early Sūtras of Mahāyāna
2.2.5 Conclusions
2.3 Methodology for Identifying the Origins and Genesis of Logical Competence through the Detection of Structural Similarity in Reasoning
2.3.1 Problem Setting
2.3.2 The Silk Road in the Classical Antiquity
2.3.3 Legal Documents in Bactrian and Sogdian
2.3.4 Pragma-Dialectical Analysis of Legal Documents in Akkadian, Aramaic, Greek, and Bactrian
2.3.5 Conclusions
3. Conditions and Reasons for the Emergence of Logical Competence in the Sumerian-Akkadian Culture
3.1 Formation of Strict Norms of Logical Argumentation in the Sumerian and Akkadian Legal Culture
3.1.1 Problem Setting
3.1.2 Archaeology of Logic for Mesopotamian Texts
3.1.3 Court Proceedings in Dispute Resolutions since Ur III
3.1.4 Examples of Logical and Rhetorical Arguments from Business Correspondence
3.1.5 Examples of Logical Arguments from Legal Proceedings
3.1.6 Conclusions
3.2 Explication of Logical Inferences from Judicial Acts in Akkadian, Aramaic, and Ancient Greek
3.2.1 Problem Setting
3.2.2 Logical Context for Studying Mesopotamian Texts
3.2.3 Historical Context for Studying Mesopotamian Texts
3.2.4 Axiomatic System for Legal Proceedings
3.2.5 Logical Conclusions Drawn in Neo-Babylonian Trial Records
3.2.6 Aramaic and Greek Legal Documents of Elephantine
3.2.7 Conclusions
3.3 Explication of Boolean Algebra from Divination Texts in Akkadian
3.3.1 Problem Setting
3.3.2 Divination as Logical Inference
3.3.3 Logical Reconstruction of Divination Lists
3.3.4 Akkadian Roots of Some Talmudic Hermeneutic Terminology
3.3.5 Conclusions
4. Directions of the Development of Logical Competence in the Hellenistic Period, which Covered the Cultures of Greece, the Middle East, and North India
4.1 Emergence of New Literary Genre of Philosophical Treatise in Ancient Greece in the Context of the History of Logical Competence
4.1.1 Problem Setting
4.1.2 Modal Logical Preliminaries
4.1.3 Prose as a Literary Genre in Ancient Greece for Expressing Contingency
4.1.4 ’Aggādāh as a Literary Genre in Judaism for Expressing Logical Determinism
4.1.5 Omens as a Literary Genre in Akkadian for Expressing Logical Determinism and the Religious Roots of Stoic Modal Logic
4.1.6 Conclusions
4.2 Role of the Logical Treatise Milindapañha in the Genesis of Indian Logic
4.2.1 Problem Setting
4.2.2 Discussion on Methodology of Studying the Indian Logic
4.2.3 Some Occurrences of the Terms ‘Logic’, ‘Logical’ in the Pāli Canon
4.2.4 Logical Reconstructions of Some Conclusions in the Kathāvatthu
4.2.5 Historical Context of the Milindapañha
4.2.6 Proto-Nyāya Doctrine of Pramāṇa in the Milindapañha
4.2.7 Conclusions
4.3 Two Systems of Modal Logic in Antiquity: Aristotelian and Stoic, and the Possible Influence of the Stoic Modal Logic on the Schools of Madhyamaka, Yogācāra, and Nyāya
4.3.1 Problem Setting
4.3.2 Madhyamaka and Logic
4.3.3 Some General Remarks on Modal Logic
4.3.4 Some General Remarks on Translations of Logical Terms
4.3.5 Aristotelian Modal Logic
4.3.6 Logical Determinism and Hetutā
4.3.7 Nāgārjuna’s Intuition towards Modal Logic
4.3.8 Conclusions
5. Some Prospects for the Practical Application of the Theory of Logical Competence in the Modern Legal Culture
5.1 Some Ways to Formalize Litigation Using Logic
5.1.1 Problem Setting
5.1.2 Litigation as a Game Situation
5.1.3 Payoff Cellular Automata
5.1.4 Litigation as a Reflective Game
5.1.5 Specificity of Reflective Games
5.1.6 Litigation as a Reflective Management
5.1.7 Preference Relations
5.1.8 Conclusions
5.2 Some Prospects for the e-Lawyer Project
5.2.1 Problem Setting
5.2.2 Some Logical Methods in the Implementation of e-Justice
5.2.3 Some Advantages of e-Justice
5.2.4 Conclusions
Conclusion
Index