What distinguishes an individual or a group in ancient society? How do issues of gender, ethnicity, social stratification and the view of the 'other' impact individuals, groups, and societal attitudes? Foucault in his classic work, The Archaeology of Knowledge, observes that layers of information embedded in language and society often elucidate the unspoken assumptions that individuals, groups or societies hold most dear. What is perceived to distinguish one group can carry such symbolic power that whole societies structure their laws, gender roles, ethnic identities, and views toward the "other" in the light of perceived differences. The ancient world was dominated by such differences. Clothing, hair, costume, housing, gender, religion, set apart one from the other. Ascertaining the rules governing difference in antiquity is challenging. Such rules were generally assumed, not clearly delineated. To determine "the archaeology of difference" the studies in this volume draw on textual and material culture. How does archaeological data illuminate gender or ethnicity or interactions and views of the "other"? What in the archaeological evidence elucidates the attitude toward women's role in society or Jewish perspectives on the Gentiles or attitudes toward the dead? What in texts illuminates the "other" especially as it relates to the writer's or narrator's perception?
Author(s): Douglas R. Edwards, C. Thomas McCollough
Series: The annual of the American schools of oriental research 60\/61
Publisher: American Schools of Oriental Research
Year: 2007
Language: English
Pages: 432
THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF DIFFERENCE: GENDER, ETHNICITY, CLASS AND THE "OTHER" IN ANTIQUITY......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
List of Figures......Page 11
List of Tables......Page 15
SETTING THE STAGE......Page 17
1. C. Thomas McCollough and Douglas R. Edwards: The Archaeology of Difference: Setting the Stage......Page 19
THE DIALOGUE BETWEEN TEXT AND ARTIFACT......Page 20
ETHNIC MARKERS......Page 23
GENDER AND THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF DIFFERENCE......Page 24
THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF DEATH......Page 25
SITE AND REGIONAL STUDIES......Page 26
A TRIBUTE......Page 27
REFERENCES......Page 28
2. Neil Silberman: Jewish and Muslim Heritage in Europe: The Role of Archaeology in Defending Cultural Diversity......Page 31
I. NEOLITHIC THROUGH PERSIAN PERIODS......Page 35
THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL INFERENCES: A FEW ECLECTIC REMARKS......Page 37
INITIAL VILLAGES OF CULTIVATORS AND HUNTERS......Page 39
THE PPNB CIVILIZATION......Page 44
THE COLLAPSE OF THE PPNB CIVILIZATION......Page 48
REFERENCES......Page 50
PEQI'IN BURIAL CUSTOMS AND THE HUMAN MOTIF......Page 59
GENDER FEATURES......Page 63
SOCIAL HIERARCHY......Page 64
REFERENCES......Page 65
ETHNICITY AND "ISRAELITE ORIGINS" IN RECENT SCHOLARSHIP......Page 67
GENERAL THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS ON "ETHNICITY"......Page 70
THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR EARLY "ISRAELITE" ETHNICITY......Page 71
THE IRON I HILL-COUNTRY ASSEMBLAGE: "PROTO-ISRAELITES"?......Page 75
NOTES......Page 78
REFERENCES......Page 81
HOUSEHOLD ARCHAEOLOGY AND GENDER......Page 85
BREAD PRODUCTION......Page 88
GENDER ATTRIBUTION OF BREAD PRODUCTION......Page 90
DISCUSSION......Page 93
REFERENCES......Page 97
7. Joe D. Seger: Queen or Crone? Gendered Archaeology in an LB Tomb at Gezer......Page 103
REFERENCES......Page 111
NO STELAE......Page 113
NO QUEENS......Page 117
NOTES......Page 120
REFERENCES......Page 122
NAHUM'S TECHNIQUES......Page 127
COUNTERCURRENTS......Page 131
CONCLUSION......Page 134
REFERENCES......Page 135
10. Raymond F. Person, Jr.: Linguistic Variation Emphasized, Linguistic Variation Denied......Page 137
EVIDENCE OF LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATION IN ANCIENT HEBREW......Page 138
LINGUISTIC VARIATION EMPHASIZED IN THE HEBREW BIBLE......Page 139
LINGUISTIC VARIATION DENIED IN THE HEBREW BIBLE......Page 140
CONCLUSIONS......Page 141
REFERENCES......Page 142
11. Rodney S. Sadler, Jr.: Representing the Cushite Other: The Use of Cushite Phenotypes in Numbers 12 and Jeremiah 13:23......Page 145
NUMBERS 12 - MOSES' CUSHITE WIFE......Page 146
JEREMIAH 13:23 - CAN A CUSHITE CHANGE HIS SKIN?......Page 150
CONCLUSION......Page 151
NOTES......Page 152
REFERENCES......Page 154
II. HELLENISTIC THROUGH BYZANTINE PERIODS......Page 157
12. Adam Porter: What Sort of Jews were the Tobiads?......Page 159
NOTES......Page 165
REFERENCES......Page 166
IVORY AND POVERTY......Page 169
MATERIAL REMAINS AND SOCIAL SYSTEMS......Page 170
GROUND AND TORAH......Page 174
NOTES......Page 176
REFERENCES......Page 179
14. Volkmar Fritz: Zum Standort des Tempels......Page 181
REFERENCES......Page 186
15. Steven Fine: "When I Went to Rome...There I Saw the Menorah..." The Jerusalem Temple Implements During the Second Century CE.......Page 187
NOTES......Page 195
REFERENCES......Page 196
OUTLINES OF A HALAKHIC DEBATE......Page 199
INTERPRETING RITUAL......Page 204
THE RELATIONSHIP OF LEGAL POSITIONS TO SECTARIAN WORLD VIEWS......Page 207
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS......Page 208
NOTES......Page 209
REFERENCES......Page 214
MIQVEH OR STEPPED POOL - ETYMOLOGICAL CLARIFICATIONS......Page 219
STEPPED POOLS AND OTHER PLASTERED INSTALLATIONS......Page 220
STEPPED POOLS AND CISTERNS AT THE SEPPHORIS ACROPOLIS......Page 222
STEPPED POOLS AT OTHER PALESTINIAN SITES......Page 227
CONCLUSIONS......Page 228
NOTES......Page 229
REFERENCES......Page 230
18. Stuart S. Miller: Stepped Pools and the Non-Existent Monolithic "Miqveh"......Page 233
NOTES......Page 244
REFERENCES......Page 250
19. Byron R. McCane: Jewish Ossuaries of the Early Roman Period: Continuity and Change in Death Ritual......Page 253
SECONDARY BURIAL......Page 254
THE RISE OF THE JEWISH OSSUARY......Page 255
HELLENISM AND THE RISE OF INDIVIDUATION IN DEATH RITUALS......Page 256
NOTES......Page 258
REFERENCES......Page 259
20. Rachel Hachlili: Attitudes Toward the Dead: Protective Measures Employed Against the Desecration of Tombs, Coffins and Ossuaries......Page 261
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE......Page 262
SYMBOLIC EVIDENCE......Page 263
INSCRIPTIONS AND EPITAPHS WITH CURSES AND WARNINGS......Page 265
JEWISH ARAMAIC, HEBREW AND GREEK PROTECTIVE INSCRIPTIONS AND CURSE FORMULAE......Page 266
REFERENCES......Page 271
21. Peter Richardson: Khirbet Qana's Necropolis and Ethnic Questions......Page 275
CANA NECROPOLIS......Page 276
ANALYSIS......Page 280
NOTES......Page 282
REFERENCES......Page 283
22. C. Thomas MCollough: Monumental Changes: Architecture and Culture in Late Roman and Early Byzantine Sepphoris......Page 285
NOTES......Page 293
REFERENCES......Page 294
23. Bill Grantham: The Butchers of Sepphoris: Archaeological Evidence of Ethnic Variability......Page 297
ROMAN-BYZANTINE PALESTINE......Page 298
EPIGRAPHIC EVIDENCE......Page 302
ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA......Page 303
CONCLUSIONS......Page 304
REFERENCES......Page 306
24. James F. Strange: Sepphoris and the Earliest Christian Congregation......Page 309
THE EXCAVATIONS AT SEPPHORIS 1983-2000......Page 310
SEPPHORIS AND THE EARLIEST CHRISTIAN CONGREGATIONS......Page 314
REFERENCES......Page 316
LUNGS......Page 319
KIDNEYS / HEART......Page 321
REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS......Page 323
EYES......Page 324
THE SKIN: BURNS AND CUTS......Page 326
CONCLUSION......Page 327
REFERENCES......Page 328
DESCRIPTIONS AND MANUFACTURE......Page 329
CONTEXT......Page 331
REFERENCES......Page 333
27. Rami Arav: The Archaeology of Bethsaida and the Historical Jesus Quest......Page 335
THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES......Page 337
THE ROMAN TEMPLE......Page 341
SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS......Page 345
BETHSAIDA AND HELLENISM......Page 346
REFERENCES......Page 347
28. Vassilios Tzaferis: Caesarea Philippi (Paneas) in the Roman and Byzantine Periods......Page 351
CAESAREA PHILIPPI, CAPITAL OF THE KINGDOM......Page 352
CAESAREA PHILIPPI IN THE LATE ROMAN PERIOD......Page 359
CAESAREA PHILIPPI IN THE BYZANTINE PERIOD......Page 361
NOTES......Page 364
REFERENCES......Page 365
29. Barbara Geller: Rabbis, Romans, and Rabies: Religion, Disease, and the "Other": A Case Study......Page 367
CONCLUSION......Page 375
NOTES......Page 377
REFERENCES......Page 379
WHY LOCATE CELSUS?......Page 381
CELSUS OF ROME?......Page 382
CELSUS OF ALEXANDRIA?......Page 383
CELSUS OF PERGAMUM......Page 384
REFERENCES......Page 386
31. Eric S. Lapp: Marketing Religious Difference in Late Antique Syria-Palestine: Clay Oil Lamps as Clientele Indicators......Page 389
CLIENTELE INDICATORS......Page 390
CONCLUSION......Page 395
REFERENCES......Page 396
32. Zeev Weiss: "Set the Showbread on the Table Before Me Always" (Exodus 25:30): Artistic Representations of the Showbread Table in Early Jewish and Christian Art......Page 399
NOTES......Page 405
REFERENCES......Page 406
DESCRIPTION OF THE LAMPS......Page 409
SYMBOLISM AND THE BEJEWELED CROSS......Page 410
SYMBOLISM AND THE EDICULE......Page 412
CONCLUSION......Page 413
REFERENCES......Page 414
34. Zeev Safrai and Ofer Sion: Nomad Settlement in Palestine During the Late Byzantine-Early Moslem Period......Page 415
PENETRATION OF NOMADS INTO THE AREA OF PERMANENT SETTLEMENT- HISTORICAL EVIDENCE......Page 416
THE TYPICAL SETTLEMENT OF NOMADIC TRIBES......Page 418
CONCLUSION......Page 426
NOTES......Page 427
REFERENCES......Page 428
Subject Index......Page 431
Author Index......Page 434