Aquatic Environment Management

Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Foreword
Preface
Chapter 1 Ecology of Aquatic Ecosystem
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Aquatic Ecology
1.3 Aquatic Ecosystem
1.4 Types of Aquatic Ecosystems
1.4.1 Freshwater Ecosystem
1.4.2 Marine Ecosystem
1.5 Aquatic Ecology
1.5.1 Types of Aquatic Ecology
1.6 Biotic Factor
1.7 Abiotic Factor
1.8 Interaction of Biotic and Abiotic Factors
1.8.1 Instances in which Abiotic and Biological Factors Interact
1.9 Conclusion
Suggested Readings
Chapter 2 Physicochemical Properties of Water and Their Significance for Aquatic Life
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Temperature
2.3 Dissolved Oxygen
2.4 pH
2.5 Alkalinity
2.6 Carbon Dioxide
2.7 Hardness
2.8 Turbidity and Watercolour
2.9 Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
2.10 Salinity
2.11 Electrical Conductivity
2.12 Ammonia-Nitrogen (NH3-N)
2.13 Nitrite-Nitrogen (NO2-N)
2.14 Nitrate (NO3-N)
2.15 Phosphorus (P)
2.16 Factors Responsible for the Change in Water Quality
2.17 Conclusion
Suggested Readings
Chapter 3 Nutrient Cycling in Aquatic Ecosystem
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Nitrogen Cycle
3.2.1 The Processes of the Nitrogen Cycle
3.2.2 Nitrogen Fixation
3.2.3 Assimilation
3.2.4 Ammonification
3.2.5 Enzymes in Nitrogen Assimilation
3.2.6 Nitrification
3.2.7 Denitrification
3.2.8 Other Activities
3.2.9 Environmental Impacts
3.3 Phosphorus Cycle
3.3.1 Biological Function
3.3.2 The Cycle’s Process
3.3.3 Phosphatic Minerals
3.4 Carbon Cycle
3.5 Iron Cycle
3.6 Sulphur Cycle
3.7 Silica Cycle
3.8 Conclusion
Suggested Readings
Chapter 4 Primary Production in Aquatic Environments
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Primary Productivity in an Inland Ecosystem
4.3 Primary Productivity in the Marine Ecosystem
4.4 Phytoplankton, the First Energetic Contributors to an Aquatic Ecosystem
4.5 The Drivers that Shape the Primary Producer Communities
4.5.1 Nutrient
4.5.2 Hydrodynamics
4.5.3 Light
4.5.4 Temperature
4.6 Estimation of Primary Productivity
4.6.1 Oxygen Technique
4.6.2 Chlorophyll Extraction
4.6.3 Fluorometer Technique
4.6.4 14C or Radiocarbon Technique
4.6.5 Satellite Imagery
4.6.6 Pump-Probe Fluorometer
4.6.7 In situ Diel Method
4.7 Conclusion
Suggested Readings
Chapter 5 Benthic Communities of the Aquatic Environment
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Distribution and Importance
5.3 Classification of Benthic Regions
5.4 Types of Benthic Communities
5.5 Diversity of Benthic Freshwater Communities
5.6 Benthos in Marine Water
5.7 Role of Benthic Communities in Freshwater
5.8 Links between the Pelagic Environments and the Benthos
5.9 Conclusion
Suggested Readings
Chapter 6 Eutrophication in Aquatic Ecosystem
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Trophic States of Water
6.3 Contributors of Eutrophication
6.3.1 Agriculture
6.3.2 Chemical Fertilisers
6.3.3 Manure
6.3.4 Aquaculture
6.3.5 Urban Industrial Sources
6.3.6 Stormwater Run-Off
6.3.7 Fossil Fuel
6.3.8 Economic Growth
6.3.9 Energy Consumption
6.3.10 Fertiliser Consumption
6.3.11 Other Factors
6.4 Consequences of Eutrophication
6.5 Solution and Mitigation Strategies
6.5.1 Environmental Education
6.5.2 Public Awareness
6.5.3 Outreach and Technical Assistance
6.5.4 Financial and Economic Incentives
6.5.5 Incentives and Subsidies
6.5.6 Ecolabelling
6.5.7 Environmental Markets
6.5.8 Regulations
6.5.9 Effluent/Emissions Limits and Caps
6.5.10 Research and Monitoring
6.5.11 Restoration and Protection of Ecosystems
6.5.12 Capitalisation on Synergies
6.6 Conclusion
Suggested Readings
Chapter 7 Aquatic Pollution and Its Impact
7.1 Causes of Pollution
7.2 Pollution Sources
7.2.1 Domestic Sewage
7.2.2 Farming
7.2.3 Industrial Effluents
7.2.4 Acid Rain
7.3 Pollution Types
7.3.1 Nutrient Pollution
7.3.2 Organic Pollution
7.3.3 Oil Pollution
7.3.4 Toxic Pollution
7.3.5 Thermal Pollution
7.3.6 Radioactive Pollution
7.3.7 Ecological Pollution
7.4 Environmental Effects of Aquatic Pollution
7.4.1 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
7.4.2 Eutrophication
7.4.3 Chemical Pollutants
7.4.4 Ammonia
7.4.5 Nitrate
7.4.6 Phosphorus
7.4.7 Thermal Pollution
7.4.8 Acidification
7.4.9 Effects on Wetlands
7.4.10 Impacts of Sewage on Fish
7.4.11 Health Hazards
7.5 Remedies
7.5.1 Control and Abatement
7.5.2 Remedial Actions
7.5.3 Bioremediation
7.6 Legislation
7.7 Conclusion
Suggested Readings
Chapter 8 Aquatic Environment Management with Reference to Climate Change
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Factors Contributing to Climate Change
8.2.1 Temperature
8.2.2 Solar Forcing
8.2.3 Acidification of the Oceans
8.2.4 Anthropogenic and Natural Causes
8.2.5 Water Management and Artificial Dams
8.3 Climate Change and Its Effect on the Aquatic Environment
8.4 Effect on Plankton
8.5 The Impact of Climate Change on the Benthic Community
8.6 Fish Production and Climate Change
8.7 Impact on Inland Ecosystem
8.8 Influence on the Marine Environment
8.9 Impact on Aquaculture
8.10 Adaptations and Their Consequences
8.11 Conclusion
Suggested Readings
Chapter 9 Wastewater Management
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Water Resources and Usage in India
9.3 Wastewater
9.4 The Generation of Wastewater in the Indian Context
9.5 Aquatic Pollution
9.6 Impact of Aquatic Pollution on the Aquatic Ecosystem
9.7 Water Pollution Control Mechanism in India
9.8 The Need for Wastewater Management
9.9 The History of Wastewater Management
9.10 Wastewater Management in the Global Scenario
9.11 Wastewater Treatment Measures in India
9.12 Reuse of Treated Wastewater
9.12.1 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Wastewater Reuse
9.13 Wastewater Reuse Pattern in a Global and Indian Scenario
9.14 Conclusion
Suggested Readings
Chapter 10 Environmental Biotechnology
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Biotechnological Interventions
10.3 Microbes and Plants in Environmental Remediation
10.4 Bioremediation
10.4.1 Bioremediation Approaches
10.4.2 Factors Affecting Bioremediation
10.5 Wastewater Bio-treatment
10.6 Solid Waste Management
10.6.1 Anaerobic Digestion
10.6.2 Composting
10.6.3 Waste Gas Treatment
10.6.4 Biodegradation of Hydrocarbons
10.7 Biosorption
10.8 Biodegradation of Difficult-to-Manage Wastes
10.9 Biotechnology for Monitoring and Detecting Pollution
10.10 Biomarkers and Bioindicators
10.11 Biosensors in Environment Monitoring
10.12 Biotechnology in Integrated Environmental Protection
10.13 Process Modification and Product Innovation
10.14 Pulp and Paper Industry
10.15 Biofuels
10.16 Conclusion
Suggested Readings
Chapter 11 Information Technology in the Management of the Aquatic Environment
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Designing and Managing Water Supply and Irrigation
11.3 Resolving Complaints Online System
11.4 Water Management in Industries
11.5 Agricultural Water Management
11.6 IWRM and River Basin Management
11.7 Information/Data Dissemination
11.7.1 Meters and Sensors
11.7.2 Pressure Management Sensor
11.7.3 Energy Consumption Sensors
11.7.4 Water Quality Sensor
11.7.5 Remote Sensing
11.8 Sensors for Real-Time Monitoring
11.9 New Monitoring Systems for Municipal Water Pipes
11.10 Robotic and Self-Driving Information Monitoring Infrastructures for Hydraulic Information
11.11 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
11.12 Geographic Information System (GIS)
11.13 ICTs for Water Quality Monitoring and Resource Management
11.14 Case Studies of Some Countries Employing ICT
11.14.1 Canada
11.14.2 China
11.14.3 United Kingdom
11.14.4 Malaysia
11.14.5 Philippines
11.14.6 The Indian Scenario
11.15 Conclusion
Suggested Readings
Chapter 12 Aquatic Toxicology
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Types and Sources of Toxicants
12.2.1 Biological Origin Toxicants
12.2.2 Waste Products
12.2.3 Metals and Other Elements
12.2.4 Synthetic and Natural Organic Toxicants
12.2.5 Inorganic Toxicants
12.3 Responsible Factors for Toxicity
12.3.1 Factors Relating to Chemical Properties
12.3.2 Factors Relating to Exposure
12.4 Effect of Toxicants
12.4.1 Effects on Fish
12.4.2 Effects on Plankton
12.4.3 Effects on Benthic Organisms
12.5 Management of Aquatic Toxicants
12.6 Conclusion
Suggested Readings
Chapter 13 Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)
13.1 Introduction
13.2 History
13.3 Significance or Need of Coastal Management
13.4 Purpose and Objective of ICZM
13.5 Models of Coastal Management
13.5.1 Watershed-Based Management
13.5.2 Marine Protected Areas
13.5.3 Management Based on Ecosystems
13.5.4 Estuary-Based Management
13.5.5 Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)
13.6 The Fundamentals of Effective Management
13.6.1 Integrated Planning
13.6.2 Composition of the Planning Team
13.6.3 Planning Process
13.6.4 Relevant Research
13.6.5 Programme Revision and Refinement
13.6.6 Implementation
13.7 Monitoring and Evaluation
13.8 Essential Elements of Management Issues
13.9 Components of Management that Are Crucial for Success
13.9.1 Institutional and Organisational Arrangements
13.9.2 Command and Control
13.9.3 Investing Money from the Government
13.10 Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) and Policies
13.11 ICZM and Sustainable Goals
13.12 Coastal Zone Management in India
13.13 Challenges to ICZM
13.13.1 Environmental
13.13.2 Institutional
13.13.3 Socio-economic
13.13.4 Political
13.13.5 Scientific
13.14 Future Perspective
13.15 Conclusion
Suggested Readings
Chapter 14 Environmental Regulations and Conventions
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Important International Environmental Protection Conventions and Legislation
14.2.1 International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
14.2.2 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973
14.2.3 Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) of Wild Animals
14.2.4 International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT)
14.2.5 United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea (UNCLOS), 1982
14.2.6 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985)
14.2.7 Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, 1989
14.2.8 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
14.2.9 Kyoto Protocol
14.2.10 International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW)
14.2.11 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 1992
14.2.12 UN Convention to Combat Desertification, 1994
14.2.13 Prior Informed Consent, Rotterdam Convention
14.3 Indian Scenario
14.3.1 Environmental Laws and Regulations in India
14.3.2 Indian Acts, Policies, and Regulations on the Environment
14.4 Important Organisations that Oversee Environmental Management in India
14.4.1 Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC)
14.4.2 Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
14.4.3 State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)
14.5 Conclusion
Suggested Readings
Chapter 15 Environmental Impact Assessment
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Genesis
15.3 Methods of EIA
15.4 Significance of EIA
15.5 Follow-Up
15.6 The Indian Scenario
15.7 Environmental Impact Statement
15.8 Transboundary Application
15.9 Criticism
15.10 Case Studies from India
15.10.1 EIA on CRZ Notification
15.10.2 Environmental Impacts of the Sethusamudram Ship Canal Project (SSCP)
15.10.3 Meta-Analysis of EIA Public Hearings in the Indian State of Gujarat: Its Role concerning Environmental Management Objectives
15.11 Conclusion
Suggested Readings
Chapter 16 Environmental Ecolabelling
16.1 Introduction
16.2 History
16.3 Why Is Ecolabelling Important?
16.4 Types of Ecolabelling Programmes
16.5 Ecolabelling Cycle
16.6 Benefits of Ecolabelling
16.6.1 A Better Choice for Consumers
16.6.2 Consumer Behaviour
16.6.3 Scope of Continuous Improvement
16.7 Stimulating Market Development
16.8 The Benefit to the Government
16.9 Environmental Enhancements and Advantages
16.10 Assistance in Monitoring and Traceability
16.11 Research and Innovation
16.12 Status Ecolabelling and Certification in India
16.13 Sustainable Development Goals and Ecolabelling
16.14 Opportunities
16.15 Challenges and Concerns around Ecolabelling
16.16 Recommendations for Enhancing the Potential of Eco-Certification/Ecolabelling as a Tool for Improving Aquaculture’s Environmental Performance
Suggested Readings
Chapter 17 Environmental Auditing
17.1 Introduction
17.2 History and Standards
17.3 Definition
17.4 Types of Environmental Auditing
17.5 Steps in EA (ICC, 1991)
17.5.1 On-Site Activities Are Divided into Five Steps
17.5.2 Post-Audit Activities
17.6 Benefits of Environmental Auditing
17.7 Environmental Auditing in India
17.8 A Basic Example of Environmental Auditing
17.9 Conclusions
Suggested Readings
Chapter 18 Environmental Economics
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Terminology of Environmental Economics
18.2.1 Environmental Economics
18.2.2 Market Failure
18.2.3 External Cost/Externalities
18.2.4 Sustainable Growth
18.3 Environmental Services for Human Welfare
18.4 Aquatic Environmental Economics
18.5 Environmental Valuation
18.5.1 Market-Price Approach
18.5.2 Productivity Technique
18.5.3 Approach to Costing Based on Hedonics
18.5.4 Travel Cost Method
18.5.5 Pricing at the Level of Replacement and Substitution
18.5.6 Method of Contingent Valuation
18.5.7 Contingent Choice Method
18.5.8 Benefit Transfer Method
18.6 Recommendations on How to Do a Contingent Valuation Study
18.6.1 General Principles
18.7 Benefits of Environmental Valuation/Environmental Economics
18.8 Conclusion
Suggested Readings
Index