Content: A century of polymer science and technology / Herman F. Mark -- Introduction to polymer science and technology / Charles E. Carraher, Jr. and Raymond B. Seymour -- Anionic polymerization / Maurice Morton -- Coordinated anionic polymerization and polymerization mechanisms / Frederick J. Karol -- Recent developments in cationic polymerization / Virgil Percec -- Emulsion polymerization / Gary W. Poehlein -- New developments and trends in free-radical polymerization / George E. Ham -- Condensation polymerization and polymerization mechanisms / I.K. Miller and J. Zimmerman -- Block polymers and related materials / N.R. Legge, S. Davison, H.E. De La Mare, G. Holden, and M.K. Martin -- Multicomponent polymer systems / Norbert Platzer -- Structure-property relationships in polymers / Turner Alfrey, Jr. -- Transport properties of polymers / D.R. Paul -- Fracture mechanics of polymers / K.L. Devries and R.J. Nuismer -- Flammability of polymers / Y.P. Khanna and E.M. Pearce -- The plastic industry : economics and end-use markets / R.A. Mccarthy -- Polyolefins / Frank M. Mcmillan -- Polystyrene and styrene copolymers / William David Watson and Ted C. Wallace -- Poly(vinyl chloride) / Roy T. Gottesman and Donald Goodman -- Fiber-forming polymers / Michael J. Drews, Robert H. Barker, and John D. Hatcher -- Foamed plastics / Rudolph D. Deanin -- Engineering thermoplastics : chemistry and technology / Daniel W. Fox and Edward N. Peters -- Polymers and the technology of electrical insulation / J.H. Lupinski -- Medical applications of polymers / Charles G. Gebelein -- Resins for aerospace / Clayton A. May -- Polymer processing / Nick R. Schott and Robert Malloy -- Plasticizers / J.K. Sears, N.W. Touchette, and J.R. Darby -- Theories of solvency and solution / P.E. Rider -- Solvents / Roy W. Tess -- Spectroscopic methods in research and analysis of coatings and plastics / Clara D. Craver -- Electron microscopy in coatings and plastics research / L.H. Princen -- Rheology of film-forming liquids / Raymond R. Myers and Carl J. Knauss -- An introduction to corrosion control by organic coatings / R.A. Dickie -- Methods of application of coatings / Emery P. Miller -- Electrodeposition of paint / George E.F. Brewer -- Curing methods for coatings / Vincent D. Mcginnis and Gerald W. Gruber -- The coatings industry : economics and end-use markets / Joseph W. Prane -- Appliance coatings / Thomas J. Miranda -- Polymer coatings for optical fibers / L.L. Blyler, Jr. and C.J. Aloisio -- Epoxy resins / R.S. Bauer -- Chemistry and technology of polyamide resins from dimerized fatty acids / Michael A. Laudise -- Urethane coatings / Kurt C. Frisch and Panos Kordomenos -- Chemistry and technology of acrylic resins for coatings / W.H. Brendley and R.D. Bakule -- Cellulose acetate and related esters / Larry G. Curtis and James D. Crowley -- Nitrocellulose, ethylcellulose, and water-soluble cellulose ethers / Rufus F. Wint and Kathryn G. Shaw -- Amino resins / L.L. Williams, I.H. Updegraff, and J.C. Petropoulos -- Resins and additives containing silicon / Shelby F. Thames -- Chemistry and technology of phenolic resins and coatings / J.S. Fry, C.N. Merriam, and W.H. Boyd -- Tall oil and naval stores / Yun Jen and E.E. Mcsweeney -- Chemistry and technology of alkyd and saturated reactive polyester resins / H.J. Lanson -- Vinyl resins used in coatings / Russell A. Park -- Bituminous coatings / Stephen H. Alexander -- Opaque white pigments in coatings / Fred B. Stieg -- Color pigments / Lawrence R. Lerner and Max Saltzman -- Paint manufacture / Louie F. Sanguinetti
Author(s): Roy W. Tess and Gary W. Poehlein (Eds.)
Series: ACS Symposium Series 285
Edition: 2nd ed
Publisher: American Chemical Society
Year: 1985
Language: English
Pages: 1301
City: Washington, D.C
Title Page......Page 1
Copyright......Page 2
ACS Symposium Series......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
PdftkEmptyString......Page 0
PREFACE......Page 5
Acknowledgments......Page 6
1 A Century of Polymer Science and Technology......Page 7
1900-1910......Page 9
1910-1920......Page 11
1920-1930......Page 12
1950-1960......Page 14
1970-1980......Page 15
Literature Cited......Page 16
2 Introduction to Polymer Science and Technology......Page 17
Structure of Polymers......Page 18
Kinetics of Polymerization......Page 21
Property-Molecular Weight Relationships......Page 26
Interchain and Intrachain Forces......Page 27
Crystalline-Amorphous Structures......Page 30
Transitions......Page 32
End Uses of Polymers as Related to Structure......Page 33
Physical Characterization and Testing......Page 35
Nomenclature......Page 45
Bibliography......Page 47
3 Anionic Polymerization......Page 52
Historical Review......Page 54
Special Features of the Anionic Mechanism......Page 55
Synthesis Capabilities......Page 57
Initiation Processes in Anionic Polymerization......Page 61
Mechanism and Kinetics of Homogeneous Anionic Polymerization......Page 64
Literature Cited......Page 67
Early Developments (1950-1965)......Page 69
Developments Since 1965......Page 71
Catalyst Systems and Chemistry......Page 72
Types of Olefin Monomers and Polymers......Page 76
Polymerization Mechanisms......Page 78
Origin of Stereoregulation......Page 82
Chemically Anchored, Supported Catalysts for Olefin Polymerization......Page 87
Future Research and Related Areas......Page 90
Literature Cited......Page 91
5 Recent Developments in Cationic Polymerization......Page 95
Ring-Opening Polymerization......Page 96
Cationic Polymerization of Olefins......Page 115
Polymers with Functional End Groups......Page 120
Literature Cited......Page 123
6 Emulsion Polymerization......Page 131
Reaction Ingredients and Mechanisms......Page 132
Types of Reactor Processes......Page 135
Emulsion Polymerization Kinetics......Page 141
Other Preparation Methods......Page 148
Literature Cited......Page 149
General References......Page 150
7 New Developments and Trends in Free-Radical Polymerization......Page 151
Telechelic Polymers......Page 152
Polyolefins and Modified Polyolefins......Page 153
Poly(phenylene oxide) Grafts and Blends......Page 154
Polymerization in Air......Page 155
Charge-Transfer Polymerization......Page 156
Biologically Active Polymers......Page 157
8 Condensation Polymerization and Polymerization Mechanisms......Page 159
Preparation Methods for Condensation Polymers......Page 160
Molecular-Weight Distribution of Condensation Polymers......Page 165
Kinetics and Mechanism of Nylon 66 Polyamidation......Page 166
Literature Cited......Page 172
General Discussion......Page 174
Historical Review--A Pathway to Discovery......Page 177
Synthesis--A Survey of Methods......Page 186
Derivatization......Page 196
Structure and Properties......Page 199
Applications of Block Polymers......Page 206
The Future......Page 211
Literature Cited......Page 212
10 Multicomponent Polymer Systems......Page 217
Copolymers......Page 218
Polyblends......Page 228
Composites......Page 230
Literature Cited......Page 234
11 Structure-Property Relationships in Polymers......Page 236
TM and Tg: Dependence on Molecular Structure......Page 237
Linear Viscoelasticity......Page 240
Large-Strain Rubber Elasticity......Page 242
Non-Newtonian Fluids......Page 243
Behavior of Glassy Amorphous Polymers......Page 244
Behavior of Crystalline Polymers......Page 245
Literature Cited......Page 246
12 Transport Properties of Polymers......Page 248
Thermodynamics of Solubility......Page 249
Mathematics of Diffusion......Page 252
Factors Affecting Solubility and Transport......Page 253
Applications of Transport Concepts......Page 262
Literature Cited......Page 269
13 Fracture Mechanics of Polymers......Page 271
Analysis of Failure......Page 272
Failure of "Flawless" Materials......Page 274
Fracture Mechanics......Page 277
Fatigue......Page 296
Literature Cited......Page 297
14 Flammability of Polymers......Page 299
Polymer Flammability......Page 300
Polymer Structure and Flammability......Page 302
Flame Retardation of Polymers......Page 307
Literature Cited......Page 312
15 The Plastic Industry: Economics and End-Use Markets......Page 314
Sales History......Page 315
Styrenics (2)......Page 319
Poly(vinyl chloride) (5)......Page 320
Summary......Page 321
Literature Cited......Page 323
16 Polyolefins......Page 324
Discovery of High-Pressure (Low-Density) Polyethylene......Page 325
Discovery of Linear (High-Density) Polyethylene......Page 328
Linear Low-Density Polyethylene......Page 330
Discovery of Polypropylene......Page 333
Manufacturing Processes......Page 336
Commercial Production......Page 338
Properties and Applications......Page 342
Consumption of Polyolefins......Page 344
Growth of Understanding......Page 346
Polymerization Problems......Page 349
Postpolymerization Processing......Page 350
Literature Cited......Page 351
17 Polystyrene and Styrene Copolymers......Page 353
History......Page 355
Chemistry of Styrenic Polymers......Page 357
Manufacturing Processes......Page 363
Future......Page 366
Conclusion......Page 370
Literature Cited......Page 371
General References......Page 372
History of Production......Page 373
Manufacture of Vinyl Chloride Monomer......Page 374
Polymerization of Vinyl Chloride......Page 383
Copolymerization of Vinyl Chloride......Page 391
Characterization of Poly(vinyl chloride)......Page 394
Physical Properties......Page 400
Chemical Properties......Page 406
Classification of Poly(vinyl chloride) Resins......Page 409
Plasticizers......Page 414
Heat Stabilizers......Page 416
Processing Aids, Impact Modifiers, and Other Additives......Page 419
Vinyl Chloride Toxicity and Federal Regulation of the Poly(vinyl chloride) Industry......Page 424
Literature Cited......Page 429
19 Fiber-Forming Polymers......Page 431
Chemistry of Man-Made Fiber Formation......Page 432
Polymerization Process Technology......Page 446
Fiber Formation......Page 447
Postfiber Formation Chemistry and Technology......Page 451
Acknowledgment......Page 455
Literature Cited......Page 456
20 Foamed Plastics......Page 458
Processes......Page 459
Properties......Page 463
Leading Commercial Polymers......Page 473
Applications and Markets......Page 478
Literature Cited......Page 483
21 Engineering Thermoplastics: Chemistry and Technology......Page 484
Nylon......Page 485
Polyacetals......Page 487
Polycarbonates......Page 489
Other Polycarbonates and Related Polymers......Page 491
Phenylene Ether-Based Resins......Page 493
Polysulfones......Page 495
Thermoplastic Polyesters......Page 497
Poly(phenylene sulfide)......Page 499
Blends and Alloys......Page 500
Conclusion......Page 502
Literature Cited......Page 503
General Description......Page 504
Historical Development......Page 507
Direct Conductor Insulations......Page 509
Other Insulating Resins......Page 514
Structural Materials......Page 517
Polymers for Electronic Applications......Page 521
Additional Reading......Page 522
23 Medical Applications of Polymers......Page 523
Polymer Biocompatibility......Page 524
Tubular Prostheses, Plastic Surgery, and Related Applications......Page 527
Orthopedic Applications......Page 530
Cardiovascular Applications......Page 532
Artificial Organs......Page 534
Medication Applications......Page 538
Literature Cited......Page 541
24 Resins for Aerospace......Page 545
Epoxy Resins......Page 547
Phenolic Resins......Page 551
High-Temperature Resins......Page 553
Adhesives......Page 555
Sealants......Page 560
Thermoset Processing Science and Control......Page 561
Literature Cited......Page 567
25 Polymer Processing......Page 569
Extrusion......Page 570
Injection Molding......Page 584
Blow Molding......Page 589
Thermoforming......Page 590
Urethane Processing......Page 592
Mixing in Plastics Processing......Page 593
Literature Cited......Page 594
26 Plasticizers......Page 596
Historical Perspective......Page 597
General Theory of Plasticization......Page 599
Plasticizer Compatibility......Page 600
Compatibility Stability......Page 602
Plasticizer Concentration Effects......Page 608
Heat Stability......Page 611
Low-Temperature Flexibility, Volatility, Extraction, And Migration......Page 613
Flammability......Page 616
Plasticizers for Outdoor Durability......Page 618
Literature Cited......Page 624
27 Theories of Solvency and Solution......Page 627
Solubility Characteristics of Solvents and Polymers......Page 628
Assumptions -- Pure and Implied......Page 631
The van der Waals Equation and Free Volume Effects......Page 635
More Formal Treatments of Solutions......Page 637
Practical Characterization of Polymers and Solvents......Page 639
Additional Reading......Page 640
Literature Cited......Page 642
28 Solvents......Page 645
Origin and Growth of the Solvents Industry......Page 646
Methods of Manufacture of Solvents......Page 647
Solvent Properties and Their Effect on Properties of Solutions and Coatings......Page 651
Air Quality Regulations and Solvents......Page 670
Formulation of Solvent Blends......Page 672
Solvents for High-Solids Coatings......Page 679
Literature Cited......Page 681
29 Spectroscopic Methods in Research and Analysis of Coatings and Plastics......Page 685
Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy......Page 691
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance......Page 709
Data Banks and Computer Retrieval......Page 711
Literature Cited......Page 712
30 Electron Microscopy in Coatings and Plastics Research......Page 719
Optical Microscopy......Page 720
Transmission Electron Microscopy......Page 721
Scanning Electron Microscopy......Page 722
Peripheral Techniques......Page 723
Trends and Future Projections......Page 725
Literature Cited......Page 726
Tests and Evaluation......Page 728
Viscosity of Shear-Sensitive Materials......Page 730
Viscoelasticity......Page 733
Physical Chemistry of Film Formation......Page 737
Future Possibilities......Page 748
Literature Cited......Page 749
32 An Introduction to Corrosion Control by Organic Coatings......Page 752
Fundamentals of Corrosion......Page 753
Methods of Studying Corrosion Control......Page 766
Barrier Characteristics of Coatings......Page 768
Corrosion Resistance of Painted Metals......Page 772
Summary......Page 774
Literature Cited......Page 775
33 Methods of Application of Coatings......Page 779
Coating Application Methods......Page 780
Conclusion......Page 800
Literature Cited......Page 801
Background......Page 802
The Practice of Electrocoating......Page 803
Equipment and the Industrial Painting Process......Page 808
Literature Cited......Page 813
35 Curing Methods for Coatings......Page 814
IR Drying......Page 816
Light Energy Radiation......Page 820
Electron Curing......Page 827
Literature Cited......Page 828
36 The Coatings Industry: Economics and End-Use Markets......Page 830
Industrial Finishes (IF)......Page 831
Pressures on the Coatings Industry......Page 846
U.S. Coatings Suppliers......Page 852
37 Appliance Coatings......Page 855
History......Page 856
Coating Processes......Page 857
Appliance Coating Specifications......Page 867
Recent Developments......Page 872
Literature Cited......Page 876
38 Polymer Coatings for Optical Fibers......Page 878
Requirements of a Coating Material......Page 880
Coating Application......Page 883
Coating Properties and Fiber Performance......Page 885
Literature Cited......Page 900
39 Epoxy Resins......Page 902
Typical Bisphenol Epoxy Resins......Page 903
Addition Reactions of Amines......Page 905
Addition Reactions of Polybasic Acids and Acid Anhydrides......Page 908
Addition Reactions of Phenols and Mercaptans......Page 912
Reactions of Alcohols......Page 915
Catalytic Reactions......Page 916
Curing Agents......Page 918
Curing of Epoxy Resin Compositions......Page 920
Applications of Epoxy Resins......Page 924
Structural Applications......Page 926
Literature Cited......Page 931
40 Chemistry and Technology of Polyamide Resins from Dimerized Fatty Acids......Page 933
Chemistry of Dimer-Based Polyamide Resins......Page 934
Solid Polyamide Resins......Page 937
Fluid Polyamide Resin Chemistry......Page 942
Thermoset Coatings......Page 943
Thermoset Adhesives......Page 947
Thermosetting Systems for Casting and Laminating......Page 948
Literature Cited......Page 953
41 Urethane Coatings......Page 955
Raw Materials for Urethane Coatings......Page 957
Types of Urethane Coatings......Page 978
Literature Cited......Page 991
42 Chemistry and Technology of Acrylic Resins for Coatings......Page 1000
History of the Synthesis of Acrylic Monomers and Polymers (1-4)......Page 1001
Relation Between the Properties and Composition of Acrylic Coating Polymers......Page 1003
Development of Thermosetting Acrylic Coatings......Page 1010
Recent Trends in Acrylic Coatings......Page 1011
Literature Cited......Page 1020
43 Cellulose Acetate and Related Esters......Page 1022
Reactivity......Page 1026
Cellulose Acetate (CA)......Page 1031
Cellulose Acetate Propionate (CAP)......Page 1033
Cellulose Acetate Butyrate (CAB)......Page 1036
Future of Organic Acid Esters of Cellulose......Page 1038
Literature Cited......Page 1041
Chronology of Developments in Cellulose Chemistry......Page 1042
Organosoluble Esters and Ethers......Page 1044
Water-Soluble Cellulose Ethers......Page 1054
Literature Cited......Page 1067
45 Amino Resins......Page 1069
Chemistry......Page 1072
Manufacturing......Page 1075
Applications......Page 1077
Trends in Amino Resins......Page 1080
Future Trends......Page 1081
Literature Cited......Page 1082
46 Resins and Additives Containing Silicon......Page 1084
Inductive Effects and (p-d)π Bonding......Page 1085
Bond Strengths......Page 1086
Silicon-Carbon Bond......Page 1087
Double Bond to Silicon......Page 1091
Silicon-Oxygen Bond......Page 1092
Silicon-Nitrogen Bond......Page 1094
Silicon-Containing Polymers......Page 1096
Silicones as Water Repellents......Page 1101
Silicones as Additives......Page 1104
Literature Cited......Page 1106
47 Chemistry and Technology of Phenolic Resins and Coatings......Page 1108
Early History......Page 1109
Chemistry......Page 1111
Classification of Phenolic Resins......Page 1115
Literature Cited......Page 1124
History of Naval Stores......Page 1126
Production Statistics of Naval Stores (7, 8)......Page 1128
Processes of Naval Stores......Page 1130
Chemistry of Naval Stores......Page 1134
Major Uses of Naval Stores and Their Trends......Page 1142
Tree Stimulation......Page 1144
Literature Cited......Page 1145
History of Alkyd Resins......Page 1147
Functionality Theory and Synthesis......Page 1148
Processing of Alkyd Resins......Page 1156
Classification and Properties of Alkyd Resins......Page 1158
Uses of Alkyd Resins......Page 1161
Saturated Reactive Polyesters......Page 1165
Resin Systems for Reduced Solvent Emissions......Page 1168
Low-Solvent and Solvent-Free Alkyd Resins......Page 1169
Bibliography......Page 1170
Historical......Page 1171
Polymerization Techniques......Page 1173
Polymers......Page 1176
Formulation Considerations......Page 1179
Application Techniques......Page 1186
Today and Tomorrow......Page 1192
Literature Cited......Page 1193
51 Bituminous Coatings......Page 1194
Manufacturing Processes......Page 1195
Properties......Page 1197
Types of Coatings by Use......Page 1201
The Future......Page 1207
Literature Cited......Page 1210
Early History......Page 1211
Optical Theories......Page 1212
Optimum Particle Size......Page 1213
Hiding Power......Page 1214
Hiding Power Test Methods......Page 1215
Exterior Durability......Page 1219
Rutile Titanium Dioxide......Page 1220
Advances in Hiding Power Theory......Page 1221
Chloride Process Titanium Pigment and Optimum Particle Size......Page 1222
High Dry Hiding of Paints......Page 1224
Composite Titanium Pigment......Page 1225
Microvoids......Page 1226
Effective PVC and Dilution Efficiency......Page 1227
Optimum Solids......Page 1229
Literature Cited......Page 1230
53 Color Pigments......Page 1232
Inorganic Pigments......Page 1233
Organic Pigments......Page 1235
Literature Cited......Page 1255
Basic Operations in Paint Manufacture......Page 1257
Oil Absorption and the Milling Process......Page 1258
Types of Mills for Paint Manufacture......Page 1259
Literature Cited......Page 1274
Author Index......Page 1275
A......Page 1276
B......Page 1278
C......Page 1279
D......Page 1282
E......Page 1283
F......Page 1285
H......Page 1286
I......Page 1287
M......Page 1288
N......Page 1289
O......Page 1290
P......Page 1291
R......Page 1295
S......Page 1296
T......Page 1298
V......Page 1300
Z......Page 1301
