This book explores how resurgent nationalism across the globe demands re-examination of many of the theories and practices in applied linguistics and language teaching as political forces seek to limit the movement of people, goods, and services across national borders and, in some cases, enact violence upon those with linguistic and/or ethnic backgrounds that differ from that of the dominant culture. The authors who have contributed to this volume provide careful analysis of nationalist discourses and actions in Brazil, Cameroon, Canada, China, Colombia, Germany, Poland, the United Arab Emirates, the United States, and Vietnam. They offer their unique historical and cultural perspectives on the complex relationship between language, identity, and nationhood in each of these countries, as well as practical responses to the fraught political situations that many language educators and policy makers now face.This book will appeal to researchers in applied linguistics and language teaching, as well as second and foreign language teaching professionals working and living in countries where nationalist sentiments are on the rise.
Author(s): Kyle McIntosh
Edition: 1
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan
Year: 2020
Language: English
Pages: 341
City: Cham
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction: Re-thinking Applied Linguistics and Language Teaching in the Face of Neo-Nationalism
Nationalism, Language, and Education
Neoliberalism and Applied Linguistics
The End of Neoliberalism and the Rise of Neo-Nationalism?
References
Part I Policies
2 Neo-Nationalism and Language Policy in the United States: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Public Discourse Advocating Monolingual English Use
Neo-Nationalism and Language
The Study
Purpose
Method
Analysis
Candidate Statements on Language Use in the United States (2010s)
Text of the Federal-Level English Language Unity Act (2019)
Advocacy Statements in Support of the English Language Unity Act (2019)
Official English Justification Statements: Individual States (1986–2007)
Neo-Nationalism Versus Bilingual Education (2018–2019)
Language-in-Education Legislation: State-Level Committee Hearings (2019)
Discussion
Conclusion
References
3 The Impact of the Resurgent Anglophone Crisis in Cameroon on Language Education and Policy
The Role of Language in the Formation of Nationalist Movements
Linguistic Hegemony, Language Marginalization, and Resistance
Methods and Procedures
Colonial Legacy as the Seed of the Anglophone Crisis
The Partitioning of German Kamerun by Great Britain and France
Towards Independence
The Foumban Constitutional Conference
Hyper-Centralization of Power Erodes the Dreams of Anglophones
Unconstitutional Name Change from the Federal Republic of Cameroon to the Republic of Cameroon
The Anglophone Crisis (2016–2019)
Linguistic Marginalization and Frenchification of the Anglo-Saxon Legal System
Frenchification of the Anglo-Saxon System of Education
The Resurgence of Armed Conflict
Impact of the Armed Conflict on Language Policy and Education
Impact on Language Planning
Sociolinguistic Reforms in the Judicial Sector
Sociolinguistic Reforms in the Education Sector
Enhancing Normative Production in the Two Official Languages
Promotion of Official Languages in Cameroon
Legal Provisions on Official Public Language Use
Legal Provisions on Official Language-in-Education Policy
Impact on Language-in-Education Policy
Impact on the Special Bilingual Education Program
Conclusion
References
4 Civic Nationalism and Language-in-Education Policies in the United Arab Emirates
Description of Context
Citizenship Laws
National and Cultural Identity
Divisions Across Ethnicities and Nationalities
Emiratization
Civic Nationalism and Education
Civic Nationalism and Higher Education
Civic Nationalism and Language Teaching
Conclusion
References
5 Colombia’s Language Politics: Neoliberalism Under the Guise of Messianic Nationalism
Our Conceptual Lens
Our Methodology: Duo-Ethnography
Our Conversation
The Legitimization of a Restrictive Understanding of Bilingualism
Learning English as Personal Entrepreneurship for the Neoliberal Job Market
Neoliberalism as Messianic Nationalism
The Exacerbation of Favorable Conditions for Exploitation
A Critical Examination of Teacher-Learners’ Beliefs and Imaginaries
Revisiting Our Conceptual Framework and Concluding Remarks
References
6 The Voices of Vietnamese Nationalism and Informal Discourse in Language Policy
Nationalism: The State, Everyday People, and New Meanings Over Time
The Evolution of Vietnamese Nationalism
Nationalism as an Ongoing Social Process in Everyday Encounters
Overview of Everyday Nationalism on Quora Digest
Pride
Mixed and Nuanced Inferiority
Balanced Views About Vietnam as a Nation
Language and Manifestations of Nationalism
Language as Pride and Cultural Appreciation
Multilingualism and Language as Unity
Implications for Language Policy and Education
References
Part II Practices
7 The Role of Language in Social Media During the European Migrant Crisis
Right-Wing Discourses and Counter-Discourses in Social Media
Theoretical Framework, Data Collection and Analysis
Findings
#BerlinAttack: Features of Right-Wing Discourses
Semiotic and Multimodal Resources
#BerlinAttack: Features of Counter-Discourses
Discussion and Conclusion
References
8 Ideologies of Pluriculturalism and Neo-Nationalism in EFL Classrooms in Poland: An Exploratory Study of Teachers’ Self-Reports
Literature Review
Nationalism and Neo-Nationalism in Poland
Nationalism and Foreign Language Teaching
Current Exploratory Study
Data Collection
Participants
Data Analysis
Limitations
Results
Teachers’ Beliefs About the Role of Language and Culture in EFL Education
Students’ Attitudes Toward Cultural Diversity
Interactions Between Cultural Diversity and Nationalism in EFL Classrooms
Discussion and Implications
Practical Challenges in Teaching Intercultural Competence and Openness to Diversity in EFL Courses in Poland
Challenges Stemming from Stakeholders’ Attitudes Toward Foreign Cultures
The Role of Nationalism and Cultural Education in Poland
Conclusion
References
9 From “Sick Man” to Strong Man: The Changing Role of English Language Teaching in China in an Era of Rising Nationalism and Global Ambitions
A Brief History of English in China
Empire, Colonialization, and Revolution: 1664–1979
The “Third Wave” of English: 1980–2012
China Southern University: A Case Study of the “Third Wave” of English Learning and Rising Nationalism in China
CSU’s Program for College English: A New Model for ELT in China
Trip to the Cultural Revolution Museum
Rising Nationalism at CSU
Fear: “They Would Just Remain Utterly Silent”
Pride: “We Still Play the Role that We Have Been Playing”
Conclusion: Which Way Will the Wave Break?
References
10 Nationalism, Redemptive and Banal, in Canadian ESL Textbooks and Citizenship Study Guides
Banal Nationalism
Banal Nationalism in ESL Textbooks
Teaching Banal Nationalism
Imagined Community and Legitimations of Nation
Canada the Redeemer
Canadians as Valuing Diversity
Conformity Authorization
Racism and Its Denial
Great Canadians: Gendered and Racialized Greatness
Stories About “You”
Immigrant Success Stories
Immigrant Voices
Conclusion
References
11 Remix Nationalism and Critical Language Education
Militarist Remix Nationalism
Teaching the Sociolinguistics of Struggle
“Soft” Nationalisms and Regional Remix Strategies
Building Critical Affective Literacies: Exploring Remix in an EAP Course
Conclusion
References
12 Afterword: Towards a Nation-Conscious Applied Linguistics Practice
Nationalism and Race
Nationalism and English
Teacher Education and Other Higher Education
Ideologies and Models of Language Education
Conclusion
References
Index
