Applied Dental Materials

Contents......Page 6
1.2 Selection of dental materials......Page 10
1.3 Evaluation of materials......Page 12
2.1 Introduction......Page 13
2.2 Mechanical properties......Page 15
2.3 Rheological properties......Page 27
2.4 Thermal properties......Page 30
2.5 Adhesion......Page 32
2.6 Miscellaneous physical properties......Page 35
2.7 Chemical properties......Page 36
2.8 Biological properties......Page 39
2.9 Suggested further reading......Page 40
3.2 Requirements of dental cast materials......Page 41
3.4 Manipulation and setting characteristics......Page 42
3.5 Properties of the set material......Page 46
3.7 Advantages and disadvantages......Page 47
3.8 Suggested further reading......Page 48
4.3 Composition of waxes......Page 49
4.4 Properties of dental waxes......Page 50
4.5 Applications......Page 51
4.6 Suggested further reading......Page 54
5.2 Requirements of investments for alloy casting procedures......Page 55
5.3 Available materials......Page 56
5.4 Properties of investment materials......Page 58
5.5 Applications......Page 60
5.6 Suggested further reading......Page 61
6.2 Structure and properties of metals......Page 62
6.3 Structure and properties of alloys......Page 65
6.5 Phase diagrams......Page 66
6.6 Suggested further reading......Page 70
7.2 Pure gold fillings (cohesive gold)......Page 71
7.3 Traditional casting gold alloys......Page 72
7.4 Hardening heat treatments (theoretical considerations)......Page 74
7.5 Heat treatments (practical considerations)......Page 76
7.6 Alloys with noble metal content of at least 25% but less than 75%......Page 77
7.7 Soldering and brazing materials for noble metals......Page 78
7.10 Suggested further reading......Page 79
8.2 Composition......Page 80
8.3 Manipulation of base metal casting alloys......Page 81
8.4 Properties......Page 82
8.5 Comparison with casting gold alloys......Page 83
8.6 Biocompatibility......Page 85
8.7 Metals and alloys for implants......Page 86
8.8 Suggested further reading......Page 88
9.2 Investment mould......Page 89
9.4 Faults in castings......Page 90
9.5 Suggested further reading......Page 92
10.2 Steel......Page 93
10.3 Stainless steel......Page 94
10.5 Wires......Page 95
10.6 Suggested further reading......Page 97
11.2 Composition of traditional dental porcelain......Page 98
11.3 Compaction and firing......Page 99
11.4 Properties of porcelain......Page 100
11.5 Alumina inserts and aluminous porcelain......Page 101
11.6 Sintered alumina core ceramics......Page 102
11.8 Cast glass and polycrystalline ceramics......Page 103
11.9 CAD–CAM restorations......Page 104
11.11 Porcelain fused to metal (PFM)......Page 106
11.14 Suggested further reading......Page 109
12.2 Polymerisation......Page 110
12.3 Physical changes occurring during polymerisation......Page 114
12.4 Structure and properties......Page 116
12.6 Suggested further reading......Page 118
13.2 Requirements of denture base polymers......Page 119
13.3 Acrylic denture base materials......Page 121
13.4 Modified acrylic materials......Page 130
13.6 Suggested further reading......Page 132
14.2 Hard reline materials......Page 133
14.3 Tissue conditioners......Page 135
14.5 Permanent soft lining materials......Page 137
14.7 Suggested further reading......Page 141
15.4 Properties......Page 142
15.5 Suggested further reading......Page 144
16.2 Classification of impression materials......Page 145
16.3 Requirements......Page 146
16.4 Clinical considerations......Page 151
16.5 Suggested further reading......Page 155
17.2 Impression plaster......Page 156
17.3 Impression compound......Page 157
17.4 Impression waxes......Page 160
18.2 Reversible hydrocolloids (agar)......Page 163
18.3 Irreversible hydrocolloids (alginates)......Page 167
18.5 Modified alginates......Page 170
18.6 Suggested further reading......Page 171
19.2 Polysulphides......Page 172
19.3 Silicone rubbers (condensation curing)......Page 176
19.4 Silicone rubbers (addition curing)......Page 177
19.5 Polyethers......Page 181
19.6 Comparison of the properties of elastomers......Page 184
19.7 Suggested further reading......Page 186
20.3 Rheological properties and setting characteristics......Page 187
20.8 Biological properties......Page 188
20.9 Historical......Page 189
21.2 Composition......Page 190
21.3 Setting reactions......Page 192
21.4 Properties......Page 193
21.5 Clinical handling notes for: dental amalgam......Page 198
21.6 Manipulative variables......Page 200
21.7 Suggested further reading......Page 203
22.2 Acrylic resins......Page 204
22.3 Composite materials – introduction......Page 205
22.4 Classification and composition of composites......Page 206
22.5 Properties of composites......Page 211
22.6 Fibre reinforcement of composite structures......Page 222
22.7 Clinical handling notes for composites......Page 225
22.8 Applications of composites......Page 232
22.9 Suggested further reading......Page 233
23.2 Acid-etch systems for bonding to enamel......Page 234
23.3 Applications of the acid-etch technique......Page 236
23.4 Bonding to dentine – background......Page 238
23.5 Dentine conditioning – the smear layer......Page 242
23.6 Priming and bonding......Page 243
23.7 Current concepts in dentine bonding – the hybrid layer......Page 245
23.8 Classification of dentine bonding systems......Page 246
23.9 Bonding to alloys, amalgam and ceramics......Page 247
23.10 Bond strength and leakage measurements......Page 249
23.11 Polymerizable luting agents......Page 251
23.12 Suggested further reading......Page 253
24.2 Composition......Page 254
24.3 Setting reaction......Page 256
24.4 Properties......Page 257
24.6 Applications and clinical handling notes......Page 261
24.7 Suggested further reading......Page 265
25.2 Composition and classification......Page 266
25.3 Setting characteristics......Page 269
25.4 Dimensional change and dimensional stability......Page 270
25.6 Adhesive characteristics......Page 271
25.7 Fluoride release......Page 272
25.9 Suggested further reading......Page 273
26.3 Available materials......Page 274
26.4 Properties......Page 275
27.2 Requirements of cavity lining materials......Page 276
27.3 Requirements of Iuting materials......Page 279
27.4 Requirements of endodontic cements......Page 280
27.6 Suggested further reading......Page 281
28.2 Zinc phosphate cements......Page 282
28.5 Suggested further reading......Page 286
29.2 Zinc oxide/eugenol cements......Page 287
29.4 Calcium hydroxide cements......Page 289
29.5 Suggested further reading......Page 292
30.2 Polycarboxylate cements......Page 293
30.3 Glass ionomer cements......Page 294
30.4 Resin-modified glass ionomers and compomers......Page 295
30.5 Suggested further reading......Page 297
31.2 Irrigants and lubricants......Page 298
31.3 Intra-canal medicaments......Page 299
31.5 Historical materials......Page 300
31.6 Contemporary materials......Page 301
31.7 Clinical handling......Page 303
31.8 Suggested further reading......Page 305
Appendix 1......Page 306
Index......Page 308