Applied Biotechnology for Emerging Pollutants Remediation and Energy Conversion

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1: Principles and Methods for the Removal of Microplastics in Wastewater
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Fate and Occurrence of Microplastics
1.2.1 Occurrence of Microplastics
1.2.1.1 Primary Microplastics
1.2.1.2 Secondary Microplastics
1.2.2 Environmental Behavior of Microplastics
1.2.2.1 Ecological Impacts: Interactions with Biotic Life
1.2.2.2 Microplastics as a Chemical Threat: Interactions with Organic Contaminants
1.3 Sampling, Detection, and Extraction of Microplastics
1.3.1 Environmental Sampling of Microplastics
1.3.2 Extraction of Microplastics
1.3.3 Detection of Microplastics
1.3.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy
1.3.3.2 Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy-Attenuated Total Reflectance
1.3.3.3 Raman Spectroscopy
1.3.3.4 Thermal Desorption Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
1.3.3.5 Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
1.4 The Fate of Microplastics during Wastewater Treatment
1.5 Perspectives
1.6 Conclusion
References
2: The Impacts of Plastics on Environmental Sustainability and Ways to Degrade Microplastics
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Global Scenario of Plastic Pollution
2.2 Different Ways of Reducing Plastic Waste
2.2.1 Recycling of Plastics
2.2.2 Degradation of Plastics
2.2.3 Reuse of Plastics Waste
2.3 Microplastics
2.3.1 Route and Discharge of Microplastics
2.3.2 Environmental Resolution and Degradation
2.3.3 Microplastics and their Characteristic Ecotoxicology Test
2.3.4 Analysis of Microplastics
2.3.5 Ecological Degradation of Synthetic Plastics
2.4 Biodegradation of Microplastics
2.4.1 Stages and Processes Involved in Biodegradation of Plastics
2.4.2 Bacterial Degradation of Microplastics
2.4.3 Fungi-Mediated Microplastics Degradation
2.4.4 Enzymatic Degradation of Microplastics
2.5 Thermal Processing of Plastic Waste
2.5.1 Incineration
2.5.2 Pyrolysis
2.6 Conclusion
References
3: Biosurfactants for Plastic Biodegradation
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Biosurfactant
3.3 Biosurfactant Classification
3.4 Biosurfactant Properties
3.5 The Value of Biosurfactants in Research
3.6 The Barriers Facing Research
3.7 Microplastics
3.8 Plastic Biodegradation
3.9 Biosurfactant Screening Techniques
3.9.1 Drop-Collapse Test
3.9.2 Oil Displacement Test
3.9.3 Using Screening Methods Correctly
3.9.4 Modern Screening Technologies
3.10 Optimization of Biosurfactant Synthesis
3.10.1 Traditional Optimization Strategies
3.10.2 Biotechnological Strategies
3.11 Plastic Biodegradation
3.12 Influence of Biosurfactants on Plastic
3.13 Biosurfactants in Biofilm Formation
3.14 Biosurfactants in Microplastic Detoxification
3.15 Conclusion
References
4: Effluent Xenobiotics and Prospects of Biogenic Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Textile Dye Effluent
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Dyes
4.2.1 Hazards Associated with Dye Effluents
4.2.2 Treatment Methods
4.2.3 Nanotechnology in the Treatment of Dye Effluents
4.3 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications
4.4 Biological Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
4.5 Biosynthesized ZnO Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Dye Effluents
4.5.1 Factors Affecting the Photodegradation of Dye Contaminants
4.5.1.1 Catalyst Dosage
4.5.1.2 Initial Dye Concentration
4.5.1.3 The pH of the Solution
4.5.2 Mechanism of Photocatalytic Degradation
4.5.3 Modification of ZnO Nano Photocatalysts
4.6 Conclusion
References
5: Advancements on Biotechnological and Microbial Biodegradation of Textile Wastewater
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Dyes and Their Variants
5.3 Dyeing Effluent: a Dreadful Pollutant
5.4 Methods for Treating the Dyeing Effluents
5.4.1 Physical Methods
5.4.2 Chemical Methods
5.4.3 Biological Methods
5.4.3.1 Phytoremediation
5.4.3.2 Microbial Remediation
5.5 Bacterial-Aided Dye Degradation
5.5.1 Pure Bacterial Strains for Dye Decolorization
5.5.2 Acclimated Bacterial Strains for Dye Decolorization
5.5.3 Mixed Bacterial Cultures for Dye Degradation
5.6 Instrumental Methods of Biodegradation Analyses
5.7 Induction of Oxido-Reductases during Dye Degradation
5.8 Assessment of Detoxification
5.9 Conclusion
References
6: Emergence of Antimicrobial Resistance among Microbiome in Wastewater Treatment Plant and Strategies to Tackle their Effects...
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) in Environment
6.2.1 Occurrence of AMR in Indian Environment
6.3 Point Source of Antimicrobial Resistant Microbes
6.3.1 Antibiotic Manufacturing Industrial Effluent
6.3.2 Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant
6.3.3 Hospital Effluent
6.3.4 Other Types of Sources
6.3.4.1 Wastes from Animal Farms
6.3.4.2 Aquaculture
6.3.4.3 Crop Pesticides
6.4 Analytical Techniques for the Detection of AMR
6.4.1 Phenotyping Methods
6.4.2 Genotyping Methods
6.5 The Fate of AMR during Wastewater Treatment
6.5.1 AMR in Primary Treatment Methods
6.5.2 AMR in Secondary/Biological Treatment
6.5.3 AMR in Tertiary Treatment Methods
6.6 Strategies for the Tackling of AMR in Environment
6.7 Future Perspectives and Research Recommendations
6.8 Conclusion
References
7: The Role of Wastewater Treatment Technologies in Municipal Landfill Leachate Treatment
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Landfill Leachate Treatment
7.2.1 Physicochemical Processes for LL Treatment
7.2.1.1 Coagulation-Flocculation
7.2.1.2 Ammonium Stripping
7.2.1.3 Chemical Precipitation
7.2.1.4 Membrane Filtration Tecnologies
Microfiltration (MF)
Ultrafiltration (UF)
Nanofiltration (NF)
Reverse Osmosis (RO)
7.2.1.5 Activated Carbon Adsorption (ACA)
7.2.2 Biological Processes for LL Treatment
7.2.2.1 Aerobic Biological Treatment Processes
Aerated Lagoon (AL)
Activated Sludge Process (ASP)
Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)
Rotating Biological Contractor (RBC)
Trickling Filter (TF)
Moving-Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR)
Fluidized-Bed Biofilm Reactor (FBBR)
Membrane Bioreactor (MBR)
Constructed Wetlands
Myco-Remediation
Phytoremediation
7.2.2.2 Anaerobic Biological Treatment Processes
Anaerobic Filter (AF)
Up-Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Reactor
Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation (ANAMMOX)
7.2.3 Combined Treatment Processes for LL Treatment
7.2.3.1 Combination of Two or More Physicochemical Treatments
7.2.3.2 Combination of Physicochemical and Biological Treatment
7.2.4 Miscellaneous Treatment Technologies
7.2.4.1 Ion Exchange
7.2.4.2 Electrochemical Treatment
7.3 Conclusion
References
8: Fungal Bioremediation of Soils Contaminated by Petroleum Hydrocarbons
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Pollutants in Soil and their Classification
8.2.1 Petroleum Hydrocarbons
8.2.2 Toxicity of Petroleum Hydrocarbons
8.2.3 Fate of Hydrocarbons in Soil
8.3 Remediation of Hydrocarbons
8.3.1 Bioaugmentation
8.3.2 Fungal Bioaugmentation
8.3.3 White-Rot Fungi
8.3.4 Other Fungi
8.3.5 Factors Affecting the Fungal Bioremediation
8.3.5.1 Oxygen and Nutrient Requirements
8.3.5.2 pH
8.3.5.3 Temperature
8.3.5.4 Water Availability
8.3.5.5 Other Parameters
8.4 Types of Bioaugmentation
8.5 Mechanisms of Petroleum Fungal Hydrocarbon Degradation
8.5.1 Fungal Degradation of PHCs Polycyclic Hydrocarbons
8.5.2 Ligninolitic Enzymes
8.6 Conclusion
References
9: Microbial Biosurfactant in the Removal of Hydrophobic (Oily) Pollutants Laden Industrial Wastes
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Nature and Types/Classification of Biosurfactants
9.2.1 Glycolipid Biosurfactants
9.2.1.1 Rhamnolipids
9.2.1.2 Trehalose Lipids
9.2.1.3 Sophorolipids
9.2.2 Lipopeptide and Lipoprotein biosurfactant
9.2.3 Fatty Acids, Phospholipids, and Neutral Lipids Biosurfactant
9.2.4 Polymeric Biosurfactants
9.2.5 Particulate Biosurfactants
9.3 Sources of Biosurfactants
9.3.1 Bacterial Biosurfactants
9.3.2 Fungal Biosurfactants
9.3.3 Algal Biosurfactants
9.4 Properties and Environmental Fate of Microbial Biosurfactant
9.4.1 Surface and Interfacial Activity
9.4.2 Temperature and pH
9.4.3 Biodegradability
9.4.4 Low Toxicity
9.4.5 Biosurfactants as Emulsifiers
9.4.6 Anti-Adhesive Agents
9.4.7 Availability
9.5 Existing Physicochemical Technologies in Oil Flushing and their Drawbacks
9.5.1 Centrifugation
9.5.2 Soil Flushing
9.5.3 Chemical Extraction
9.5.4 Soil Vapor Extraction
9.6 Importance of Microbial Biosurfactant in Oil Flushing
9.7 Mechanism of Microbial Biosurfactants on Hydrophobic Substrates
9.8 Efficiency of various types of microbial biosurfactants on the removal of hydrophobic pollutants
9.9 Methods Involved in the Biosurfactant Flushing in Petroleum Industrial Waste
9.9.1 Petroleum Oil Spill-Contaminated Soil
9.9.2 Petroleum Refinery Wastewater
9.9.3 Tank Bottom Oil Sludge
9.9.4 Petrochemical Waste Effluent Stream
9.10 Application of Biosurfactant in Food Industry Oily Waste Bioremediation
9.11 Biosurfactants in the Removal of Pollutants in Textile Industries Waste Effluent
9.12 Current Strategies and Advancements in the Application of Biosurfactant Flushing in Bioremediation of Toxic Contaminants ...
9.13 Conclusion
References
10: Hazardous Organic Pollutant Contamination in Indian Holistic Rivers Risk Assessment and Prevention Strategies
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Sources of Pollution
10.2.1 Agriculture
10.2.2 Sewage
10.2.3 Industrial Wastes
10.2.4 Religious Activities
10.3 Organic Contaminants in Indian Rivers
10.4 Health Effect
10.5 Effect on Aquatic Life
10.6 Regulation, Prevention, and Mitigation
10.7 Conclusion
References
11: Is Marine Waste a Boon or Bane? An Insight on Its Source, Production, Disposal Consequences, and Utilization
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Sources of Fish Waste Production
11.2.1 Aquaculture and Fisheries
11.2.2 Seafood Industry
11.2.3 Fishing Harbors
11.2.4 Industrial Fish-Based Processes
11.3 Classification of Fish Waste
11.4 Waste Treatment
11.4.1 Primary Waste Treatment
11.4.2 Secondary Waste Treatment
11.5 Fish Waste Disposal
11.5.1 Fish Disposal Treatment Methods
11.5.2 Anaerobic Treatment
11.6 Utilization of Marine Waste
11.6.1 Nutritional Supplements or Consumable Products
11.6.1.1 Fishmeal and Fish Oils
11.6.1.2 Silage
11.6.1.3 Fish Protein Hydrolysate (FPH)
11.6.1.4 Fish Protein Concentrate (FPC)
11.6.2 Non-Nutritional Uses
11.6.2.1 Collagen
11.6.2.2 Gelatin
11.6.2.3 Chitin and Chitosan
11.6.2.4 Leather, Carotenoid Pigments, and Isinglass
11.6.2.5 Biodiesel and Fertilizer Production
11.7 Conclusion
References
12: A Waste-to-Wealth Prospective Through Biotechnological Advancements
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Types of Agro-Wastes
12.2.1 Crop Residues
12.2.2 Animal Manure-Livestock Wastes
12.2.3 Food Wastes
12.3 Agro-Waste Utilization Routes
12.3.1 Conventional Methods of Agro-Waste Management
12.3.1.1 Direct Combustion
12.3.1.2 Pyrolysis
12.3.1.3 Vermicomposting
12.3.2 Valorization of Agro-Wastes
12.3.2.1 Production of Biofuels
12.3.2.2 Production of Organic Acids
12.3.2.3 Production of Enzymes
12.3.2.4 Production of Protein-Enriched Feed
12.3.2.5 Production of Aroma Compounds
12.3.2.6 Production of Secondary Metabolites
12.3.2.7 Edible Oil Cakes
12.3.2.8 Agro-Waste as Adsorbents for Contaminant Removal
12.4 Conclusion
References
13: Industrial Perspectives of the Three Major Generations of Liquid and Gaseous-based Biofuel Production
13.1 Introduction
13.2 First-Generation Liquid Biofuels
13.2.1 Sugarcane, Sweet Sorghum, and Sugar Beet as Energy Crops
13.2.2 Sugary Crops Conversion to Bioethanol
13.2.3 Maize and Other Cereal Grains as Energy Crops
13.2.4 Starchy Crops Conversion to Bioethanol
13.2.5 Jatropha and other Oilseed Energy Crops
13.2.6 Oilseed Crops Conversion to Biodiesel
13.3 Overview of Second-Generation Biofuels Production
13.3.1 Second-Generation Feedstock
13.3.2 Second-Generation Bioethanol Production
13.3.2.1 Pretreatment and Detoxification
13.3.2.2 Saccharification
13.3.2.3 Fermentation
13.3.3 Second-Generation Biobutanol Production
13.3.4 Anaerobic Digestion
13.3.5 Global Producers of Second-Generation Biofuels
13.3.6 Limitation of Cellulosic Biofuels
13.4 Third-Generation Biofuels
13.4.1 Algae
13.4.1.1 Functions of Algae
13.4.2 Microalgae
13.4.3 Macroalgae
13.4.4 Systems for Microalgae Cultivation
13.4.4.1 Raceway Open Ponds
13.4.4.2 Closed Photobioreactors
13.4.4.3 Tubular Photobioreactors
13.4.4.4 Column Airlift Photobioreactors
13.4.4.5 Flat Plate Photobioreactors
13.4.5 Hybrid System
13.4.6 Heterotrophic and Mixotrophic Cultivation
13.4.6.1 Heterotrophic Cultivation
13.4.6.2 Mixotrophic Cultivation
13.4.7 Cultivation Methods
13.4.7.1 Batch Cultivation
13.4.7.2 Continuous Cultivation
13.4.7.3 Semi-continuous Cultivation
13.5 Industrial Liquid and Gaseous-Based Biofuel Production from Algae
13.5.1 Industrial Liquid-Based Biodiesel Production
13.5.2 Industrial Liquid-Based Bioethanol Production
13.5.3 Industrial Liquid-Based Biobutanol Production
13.5.4 Industrial Gaseous-Based Biohydrogen Production from Algae
13.5.5 Industrial Gaseous-Based Biomethane Production from Algae
13.6 Upstream Processing Parameters for Algal Cultivation
13.6.1 Irradiance
13.6.2 Temperature
13.6.3 pH
13.6.4 CO2 Supplementation
13.6.5 Cell Harvesting
13.6.5.1 Type of Product
13.6.5.2 Fragility of Cells
13.6.5.3 Cost
13.6.5.4 Product Purity
13.6.5.5 Type of Cells
13.7 Downstream Processing
13.7.1 Extraction
13.7.2 Cell Disruption Methods
13.7.2.1 Biological Method
13.7.2.2 Chemical Method
13.7.2.3 Physical Method
13.7.3 Transesterification
13.8 Conclusion
References
14: Metabolic Engineering Approaches for Bioenergy Production
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Bioenergy
14.2.1 Types of Bioenergy
14.3 Metabolic Engineering
14.4 Methods for Metabolic Engineering
14.4.1 Random Mutagenesis
14.4.1.1 Mechanism Involved in Random Mutagenesis
Ultraviolet Irradiation
Chemical Mutagenesis
Error-Prone Polymerase Chain Reaction
14.4.1.2 Applications and Drawbacks
14.4.2 Transposon-Mediated Gene Targeting
14.4.2.1 Mechanism
14.4.2.2 Advantages and Drawbacks
14.4.3 Targetron Technology
14.4.3.1 Mechanism of Targetron-Based Gene Knockout
14.4.3.2 Advantages and Drawback
14.4.4 Antisense Technology
14.4.4.1 Antisense RNA-Based Gene Silencing Mechanism
14.4.4.2 Advantages and Drawbacks
14.4.5 CRISPR/Cas System
14.4.5.1 Mechanism
14.4.5.2 Advantages and Drawbacks
14.4.6 Metabolic Flux Analysis
14.4.6.1 Mechanism
13C-Based Flux Analysis
Constraints-Based Flux Analysis
14.4.6.2 Advantages and Drawbacks
14.4.7 Protein Engineering
14.4.7.1 Mechanism
14.4.7.2 Advantages and Drawbacks
14.4.8 Metabolic Process Engineering
14.4.8.1 Advantages and Drawbacks
14.5 Conclusion
References
15: Exploitation of Marine Waste for Value-Added Products Synthesis
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Bioactive Peptides
15.2.1 Bioactive Peptides Generation
15.2.2 List of Bioactive Peptides from Marine Species
15.3 Chitin and Chitosan
15.3.1 Extraction of Chitin from Shell Waste
15.3.2 Extraction of Chitosan from Shell-Derived Chitin
15.3.3 List of Marine Waste Sources for Chitin and Chitosan
15.4 Collagen
15.4.1 Skin and Scales Collagen
15.4.2 Bone, Cartilage, and Fin Collagen
15.4.3 List of Collagens from Different Sources of Various Species
15.5 Gelatin
15.5.1 Extraction of Gelatin
15.5.2 List of Gelatin Applications from Marine Species
15.5.3 List of Bioactive Peptides from Marine Species-Based Gelatin
15.6 Biopolymers
15.6.1 Polymeric 3-Alkylpyridinium Salts
15.6.2 Glycosaminoglycans
15.6.3 Omega-3-Fatty Acid
15.6.4 Polyhydroxy Butyrate
15.7 Conclusion
References