Applications of Nanovesicular Drug Delivery

Applications of Nanovesicular Drug Delivery
Copyright
Contents
List of contributors
Preface
1 Targeting cellular and molecular mechanisms of nanovesicular systems for the treatment of different diseases
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Lipid nanovesicular systems
1.2.1 Liposomes
1.2.2 Elastic liposomes: ethosomes and transferosomes
1.2.3 Niosomes
1.2.4 Ufasomes
1.3 Polymer nanovesicular systems
1.3.1 Polymersomes/polymer vesicles
1.3.2 Nanovesicular systems for targeting to cellular mechanisms
1.3.3 Nanovesicular systems for targeting molecular mechanisms and the era of CRISPR/CAS9
1.3.4 Nanovesicular systems for the treatment of different diseases
1.4 Conclusions
References
2 Nanovesicles for drug codelivery
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Combination drug therapy
2.3 General overview of nanovesicles
2.3.1 Liposomes
2.3.2 Niosomes
2.3.3 Exosomes
2.3.4 Spanlastics
2.4 Design and preparation techniques of codelivery nanovesicles
2.4.1 Mechanical dispersion/film hydration method
2.4.2 Ultrasonication method
2.4.3 Self-assembling
2.4.4 Solvent dispersion methods
2.4.5 Detergent removal method
2.4.6 Microfluidization method
2.4.7 Handjani–Vila method
2.5 Nanodrug codelivery systems
2.5.1 Nanovesicles-hydrogels for codelivery of drugs
2.5.2 Nanovesicles for codelivery of anticancer drugs
2.5.3 Nanovesicles for codelivery of cardiovascular drugs
2.5.4 Nanovesicles for codelivery of antibacterial/antiinflammatory drugs
2.6 Conclusion
References
3 Theranostic nanovesicles
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Imaging strategies
3.2.1 Optical imaging
3.2.2 Magnetic resonance imaging
3.2.3 Radionuclide-based imaging
3.2.4 Computed tomography
3.2.5 Ultrasound
3.3 Different nanovesicles used as theranostic system
3.3.1 Liposomes
3.3.2 Ethosomes
3.3.3 Transferosomes
3.3.4 Niosomes
3.3.5 Polymersomes
3.4 Conclusion
References
4 Nanovesicles for ocular drug delivery
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Physiology, routes of drug administration and ocular barriers for drug penetration
4.2.1 Physiology of the eye
4.2.2 Routes of drug administration to the eye and corresponding ocular barriers
4.3 Ocular diseases
4.3.1 Anterior segment diseases
4.3.2 Posterior segment diseases
4.4 Nanovesicles for ocular drug delivery
4.4.1 Preclinical studies
4.4.1.1 Nanovesicles for anterior segment disease treatment
4.4.1.2 Nanovesicles for posterior segment disease treatment
4.4.1.3 Nanovesicle assisted gene therapy for ocular disease treatment
4.4.2 Clinical studies and approved products
4.5 Conclusions and future perspectives
Acknowledgments and funding
References
5 Nanovesicles for nasal drug delivery
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Intranasal drug delivery system
5.3 Dosage forms and absorption enhancers
5.3.1 Nasal drops
5.3.2 Nasal spray
5.3.3 Nasal gel
5.3.4 Nasal powders
5.4 Benefits of intranasal drug delivery
5.5 Barriers in nasal distribution
5.5.1 Poor bioavailability
5.5.2 Biliary clearance
5.5.3 Enzyme degradation
5.6 Need for intranasal drug delivery system
5.7 Anatomy and physiology of nasal route
5.8 Mechanism of absorption of drugs via nasal route
5.8.1 Intracellular pathway
5.8.2 Transcellular transport
5.9 Nasal devices
5.10 Role of nanotechnology intranasal drug delivery
5.11 Nanovesicles for intranasal drug delivery
5.11.1 Lipid based nanovesicles
5.11.1.1 Liposomes
5.11.1.1.1 Method of preparation of liposomes
5.11.1.2 Transfersomes
5.11.1.2.1 Method of preparation of transfersomes
5.11.1.3 Ethosomes
5.11.1.3.1 Method of preparation of ethosomes
5.11.1.4 Magnesomes
5.11.1.4.1 Method of preparation of magnesomes
5.11.1.5 Ufasome
5.11.1.5.1 Method of preparation of ufasomes
5.11.1.6 Novasomes
5.11.1.6.1 Method of preparation of novasomes
5.11.2 Nonionic surfactant based nanovesicles
5.11.2.1 Niosomes
5.11.2.1.1 Method of preparation of niosomes
5.11.2.2 Spanlastics
5.11.2.2.1 Method of Preparation of spanlastics
5.11.3 Biologically derived nanovesicles
5.11.3.1 Exosomes
5.11.3.1.1 Method of preparation of exosomes
5.12 Applications of nanovesicular intranasal delivery system
5.12.1 Viral infection
5.12.2 Osteoclastic bone resorption
5.12.3 Central nervous system disorders
5.12.4 Migraine
5.12.5 Hypertension
5.12.6 Anxiety disorders
5.12.7 Antinociceptive
5.12.8 Oxytocin and insulin delivery
5.12.9 Cancer
5.12.10 Neurodegenerative/brain inflammatory disease
5.12.11 Cerebral arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vertigo disorders
5.13 Conclusion
References
6 Nanovesicles for transdermal drug delivery
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 The mechanisms of interactions between nanovesicle systems and skin
6.2 Lipid-based vesicular nanostructures for transdermal drug delivery
6.2.1 Traditional liposomes as skin drug delivery systems
6.2.2 Transfersomes
6.2.3 Ethosomes
6.2.4 Invasome
6.2.5 Glycerosomes
6.2.6 Hyalurosomes
6.3 Nanovesicles formed by nonlipid building blocks
6.3.1 Niosomes as transdermal drug delivery systems
6.3.2 Polymersomes as transdermal drug delivery systems
6.4 Conclusion and future perspective
References
7 Nanovesicles for intravenous drug delivery
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Intravenous drug administration
7.3 Nanovesicular systems
7.3.1 Liposomes
7.3.2 Niosomes
7.3.3 Polymersomes
7.3.4 Transfersomes
7.3.5 Ethosomes and ethosomal nanovesicles
7.3.6 Phytosomes
7.3.7 Extracellular vesicles
7.4 Intravenous nanovesicles for imaging
7.5 Intraveneous nanovesicles for therapy
7.5.1 Tumor targeting and cancer therapy
7.5.2 Fungal infections
7.5.3 Pain management and inflammatory diseases
7.5.4 Others
7.6 Intravenous nanovesicles for gene therapy
7.6.1 Intravenous nanovesicular systems developed for gene augmentation
7.6.2 Intravenous nanovesicular systems developed for gene silencing (suppression)
7.6.3 Intravenous nanovesicular systems developed for genome editing
7.7 Intravenous nanovesicles for theranostic
7.8 Conclusion
References
8 Nanovesicles for target specific drug delivery
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Liposomes as drug delivery vesicles
8.2.1 Types of liposomes
8.2.2 Applications
8.3 Polymeric micelles as drug delivery vehicles
8.3.1 Applications
8.4 Exosomes as drug delivery vesicles
8.4.1 Applications
8.5 Niosomes—drug delivery vesicles
8.5.1 Applications
8.6 New era of vesicular drug delivery systems
8.6.1 Transferosomes
8.6.2 Ethosomes
8.6.3 Sphingosomes
8.6.4 Cubosomes
8.6.5 Ufasomes
8.6.6 Colloidosomes
8.6.7 Aquasomes
8.6.8 Polymerosomes
8.6.9 Emulsomes
8.6.10 Virosomes
8.6.11 Enzymosomes
8.6.12 Pharmacosomes
8.7 Conclusions
References
9 Blood–brain barrier and nanovesicles for brain-targeting drug delivery
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Neurovascular unit
9.2.1 Blood–brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier roles
9.2.2 Immunosurveillance in neurovascular unit
9.2.3 Tight junctional molecular machinery
9.2.4 Blood–brain barrier models
9.2.5 Blood–brain barrier transport machinery
9.2.6 Endocytosis, transcytosis, and vesicular trafficking
9.2.7 Nanovesicles delivery mechanisms
9.3 Issues with the targeted therapy of brain diseases
9.4 Nanoscale brain-targeting delivery systems
9.5 Nanovesicles
9.5.1 Lipid-based nanovesicles for brain targeting
9.5.1.1 Liposomes
9.5.1.2 Niosomes
9.5.1.3 Transfersomes
9.5.1.4 Ethosomes
9.5.1.5 Exosomes and ectosomes
9.5.1.6 Lipid-based nanovesicles preparation
9.5.1.6.1 Microfluidic-based production of nanovesicles
9.5.2 Translation of brain-targeting lipid-based nanovesicles
9.5.3 Polymer-based nanovesicles
9.6 Concluding remarks
References
10 Nanovesicles for hepatic-targeted drug delivery
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Nanovesicular systems for drug delivery to liver
10.3 Mechanism of nanovesicles-targeted delivery
10.3.1 Passive targeting
10.3.2 Active targeting
10.4 Role in improving the drug distribution and pharmacokinetic parameters
10.5 Applications
10.5.1 Nanovesicles for hepatocellular carcinoma
10.5.1.1 Targeting epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR)
10.5.1.2 Targeting integrins
10.5.1.3 Targeting folate receptors
10.5.1.4 Targeting mannose receptors
10.5.1.5 Targeting glucose receptors
10.5.1.6 Targeting asialoglycoprotein receptors
10.5.1.7 Dual receptor targeting
10.5.1.8 Nanovesicles for hepatic fibrosis
10.5.1.8.1 Targeting mannose 6-phosphate/ insulin-like growth factor-II receptor (M6P/IGF-IIRs)
10.5.1.8.2 Targeting integrins
10.5.1.8.3 Targeting platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR-β)
10.5.1.9 Targeting collagen type VI receptor
10.5.1.10 Targeting high-affinity membrane receptor for retinol-binding protein
10.5.1.11 CXCR4 receptor-positive cells in fibrotic livers
10.5.1.12 Fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (Fn14)
10.5.2 Nanovesicles for hepatic infections
10.5.3 Nanovesicles for hepatoprotective effect
10.6 Conclusion
References
11 Nanovesicles for tumor-targeted drug delivery
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Nanovesicles
11.2.1 Liposomes
11.2.2 Niosomes
11.2.3 Phytosomes
11.2.4 Ethosomes
11.2.5 Polymersomes
11.2.6 Exosomes
11.2.7 Transfersomes
11.3 Targeting mechanisms of nanovesicles for tumor
11.3.1 Passive targeting
11.3.2 Active targeting
11.3.2.1 Stimuli-responsive active targeting
11.3.2.2 Ligand-mediated targeting
11.4 Nanovesicles for tumor imaging
11.4.1 Magnetic resonance imaging
11.4.2 Computed tomography imaging
11.4.3 Nuclear medicine imaging
11.5 Nanovesicles for tumor treatment
11.6 Nanovesicles for theranostic approach
11.7 Conclusion
References
12 Tumor microenvironment-responsive nanovesicular drug delivery systems
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Doxorubicin-based nanovesiculars
12.1.2 Paclitaxel-based nanovesiculars
12.1.3 Physiological tumor microenvironment characteristics
12.1.3.1 Extracellular matrix modification
12.1.3.2 Abnormal vascular structure and lymphatic system
12.1.4 Tumor biochemical characteristics
12.1.4.1 Extracellular acidification
12.1.4.2 Enzymatic and redox environment
12.1.4.3 Hypoxic microenvironment
12.1.5 Immune microenvironment characteristics
12.1.5.1 Regulatory T-cells
12.1.5.2 Myeloid-derived suppressor cells
12.1.5.3 Tumor-associated macrophages
12.2 Conclusion
References
13 Nanovesicles for colon-targeted drug delivery
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Factors affecting colonic drug delivery
13.3 Advantages and limitations of colon-targeted drug delivery systems
13.4 Application of nanocarriers other than nanovesicles for colon-targeted drug delivery
13.5 Applications of nanovesicles for the treatment of colonic disease
13.5.1 Liposomes
13.5.2 Niosomes
13.5.3 Phytosomes
13.5.4 Cubosomes
13.5.5 Emulsosome
13.6 Applications of nanovesicles in the detection of colonic disease
13.7 Conclusion and future prospects
References
14 Nanovesicles for delivery of anticancer drugs
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Classification and development of the nanovesicles
14.2.1 Classification of the nanovesicles
14.2.1.1 Extracellular nanovesicles or exosomes
14.2.1.2 Lipid membrane-derived nanovesicles or liposomes
14.2.1.3 Polymer-derived nanovesicles or polymersomes
14.3 Applications of the nanovesicles for the delivery of anticancer drugs
14.4 Conclusion and future prospects
References
15 Nanovesicles for the treatment of skin disorders
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Skin permeation pathways
15.2 Types of nanovesicles
15.2.1 Liposomes
15.2.2 Ethosomes
15.2.3 Niosomes
15.2.4 Transfersomes
15.2.5 Cubosomes
15.2.6 Solid lipid nanoparticles
15.2.7 Nanostructured lipid carriers
15.2.8 Nanoemulsion
15.2.9 Polymeric nanoparticles
15.2.10 Nanofibers
15.2.11 Dendrimers
15.3 Skin disorders
15.3.1 Skin cancer
15.3.2 Psoriasis
15.3.3 Acne
15.3.4 Alopecia
15.3.5 Fungal infections
15.3.6 Atopic dermatitis
15.4 Conclusion
References
16 Nanovesicles for the delivery of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
16.1 Introduction of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
16.2 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents
16.3 Nanotechnology and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs delivery
16.4 Liposomes
16.5 Nonliposomal lipid-based nanovesicles
16.5.1 Niosomes
16.5.2 Transfersomes
16.5.3 Ethosomes
16.5.4 Sphingosomes
16.5.5 Ufasomes
16.5.6 Pharmacosomes
16.5.7 Virosomes
16.5.8 Quatsomes
16.6 Methods of preparation
16.6.1 Conventional preparation methods
16.6.2 Thin lipid film hydration method
16.6.3 Solvent injection technique
16.7 Novel preparation methods
16.7.1 Supercritical fluids methods
16.7.2 Recent application of nanovesicles for delivery of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
16.8 Conclusion
References
17 Nanovesicles for delivery of central nervous system drugs
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Nanovesicles
17.3 Categories of nanovesicles
17.3.1 Liposomes
17.3.2 Virosomes
17.3.3 Niosomes
17.3.4 Proniosomes
17.3.5 Transferosomes
17.3.6 Proteasomes
17.3.7 Sphingosomes
17.3.8 Archaesomes
17.3.9 Ethosomes
17.3.10 Polymersomes
17.4 Nanovesicles for central nervous system disorders
17.4.1 Nanovesicles for Alzheimer’s disease
17.4.2 Nanovesicles for Parkinson’s disease
17.4.3 Nanovesicles for migraine
17.4.4 Nanovesicles for epilepsy
17.4.5 Nanovesicles for psychosis
17.4.6 Nanovesicles for central nervous system infection
17.4.7 Nanovesicles for depression
17.4.8 Nanovesicles for brain tumors
17.4.9 Nanovesicles for neuroprotection
17.4.10 Nanovesicles for multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
17.4.11 Nanovesicles for cerebral ischemia
17.5 Current challenges and future prospects
17.6 Conclusion
Conflicts of interest
References
18 Nanovesicles for the delivery of cardiovascular drugs
18.1 Introduction
18.2 A primer of cardiovascular diseases
18.2.1 Atherosclerosis and hyperlipidemia
18.2.2 Venous thromboembolism
18.2.3 Acute myocardial infarction
18.2.4 Hypertension
18.2.5 Pulmonary hypertension
18.2.6 Stroke
18.3 Nanovesicles for the delivery of cardiovascular drugs
18.3.1 Nanovesicles for the treatment of atherosclerosis and hyperlipidemia
18.3.2 Nanovesicles for the treatment of venous thromboembolism
18.3.3 Nanovesicles for the treatment of hypertension
18.3.4 Nanovesicles for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension
18.3.5 Nanovesicles for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction
18.3.6 Nanovesicles for the treatment of stroke
18.4 Future outlook
Acknowledgments
References
19 Nanovesicles for the delivery of antibiotics
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Nanovesicles as potential antibiotic drug delivery and/or targeting systems
19.3 Nanoparticle bacterial resistance
19.4 Antimicrobial resistance mechanisms
19.5 The impact of nanoparticles on microbial strength
19.5.1 Treatment techniques as an effective defense against microbial resistance
19.5.2 Overcoming the current mechanisms of antibiotic resistance
19.6 Using numerous ways to combat microorganisms at the same time
19.7 Assisting in the transport of antibiotics
19.8 Negative side: as a drug resistance promoter
19.9 Nanoparticles antibacterial application
19.10 Dressings of wound
19.11 Bone fortification
19.12 Dental equipment
19.13 The mechanism for drug delivery
19.14 Types of nanovesicles used for the drug delivery
19.15 Efficiency of different nanovesicles for drug delivery system
19.16 Role of nanovesicles in the delivery of antibiotics
19.17 Summary and future perspectives
Acknowledgment
Disclosure statement
References
20 Nanovesicles for delivery of antifungal drugs
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Vesicular delivery systems
20.2.1 Liposomes
20.2.2 Niosomes
20.2.3 Transfersomes
20.2.4 Ethosomes
20.2.5 Transethosomes
20.2.6 Cubosomes
20.3 Conclusion
References
21 Nanovesicles in antiviral drug delivery
21.1 Introduction
21.2 What are nanovesicles?
21.3 Composition of nanovesicles
21.4 Development of nanovesicles
21.4.1 Thin film hydration
21.4.2 Nonshaken method
21.4.3 Proliposomes
21.4.4 Method of freeze-drying
21.4.5 Ethanol injection method
21.4.6 Ether injection method
21.4.7 Hot method
21.4.8 Cold method
21.4.9 Reverse-phase evaporation technique
21.4.10 Ultrasonication
21.5 Nanovesicles characterization
21.5.1 Efficiency of entrapment
21.5.2 Visual representation of morphology
21.5.3 Zeta potential and vesicle size
21.5.4 Temperature of transition
21.5.5 Evaluation of surface tension behavior
21.5.6 Sustainability of vesicles
21.5.7 Deformability or elasticity research
21.5.8 Drug content
21.5.9 Drug release
21.5.10 Permeability and absorption research
21.6 Application of nanovesicles
21.6.1 Challenges of nanovesicles
21.7 Antiviral drugs
21.8 Medical applications of antiviral drugs
21.9 Designing of antiviral drugs
21.9.1 Targeting antivirals
21.9.2 Methodologies based on the point of the virus’s life phase
21.9.3 Prior to entering into a cell
21.9.4 Inhibitor of entry
21.9.5 Inhibitor of uncoating
21.9.6 As during the propagation of viral
21.9.7 Reverse transcription
21.9.8 Integrase
21.9.9 Translation/antisense
21.9.10 Translation/ribozymes
21.9.11 Protein targeting and processing
21.9.12 Inhibitors of proteases
21.9.13 Long dsRNA helix targeting
21.9.14 Structure
21.9.15 Step of release
21.10 Approved antiviral drugs
21.10.1 Acyclovir
21.10.2 Valacyclovir
21.10.3 Ganciclovir
21.10.4 Penciclovir
21.10.5 Famciclovir
21.10.6 Foscarnet
21.10.7 Ribavirin
21.10.8 Lamivudine
21.10.9 Amantadine and Rimantadine
21.10.10 Interferon alfa
21.11 Nanovesicles in antiviral drug delivery
21.11.1 Liposomes
21.11.2 Solid lipid nanovesicles
21.11.3 Nanoemulsions
21.11.4 Self-nanoemulsify drug delivery systems
21.11.5 Lipid based nanovesicles for small interfering RNA delivery
21.11.6 Polymer-based nanovesicles
21.11.7 Nanovesicles made of polymers
21.12 Conclusion
References
Further reading
22 Nanovesicles for targeting autoimmune diseases
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Sources of extracellular nanovesicles
22.2.1 Tumor cells
22.2.2 Red blood cells
22.2.3 Dendritic cells
22.2.4 Mesenchymal stem cells
22.2.5 Milk
22.2.6 Plant
22.3 Biological functions
22.4 Immune system response to generic nanovesicles
22.4.1 T/B cells formation and nanovesicles
22.5 Nanovesicle production, cellular communication, and autoimmunity
22.6 Nanovesicles and autoimmune diseases
22.6.1 Systemic lupus erythematosus
22.6.2 Diabetes
22.6.3 Rheumatoid arthritis
22.6.4 Vitiligo
22.6.5 Preeclampsia
22.6.6 Multiple sclerosis
22.6.7 Sjogren’s syndrome
22.6.8 Autoimmune thyroid disease
22.7 Nanovesicle-facilitated autoimmune disease treatment therapies
22.7.1 Autoimmune diseases treatment for mesenchymal stem cell-derived nanovesicles
22.7.2 Autoimmune disease therapy for dendritic cell-derived nanovesicles
22.8 Modifications for the targeted delivery of extracellular nanovesicles
22.8.1 Nanovesicle donor cells manipulation
22.8.2 Extracellular nanovesicles direct surface modification
22.8.2.1 PEGylation
22.8.2.2 pH-sensitive alteration
22.8.2.3 Glycan modification
22.9 Utilization of nanovesicles in autoimmune clinical trials
22.10 Conclusion and future outlook
References
23 Nanovesicular systems for protein and peptide delivery
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Liposomes
23.3 Polymersomes
23.4 Exosomes
23.5 Nonionic vesicles (niosomes)
23.6 Organic–inorganic hybrid nanovesicles
23.7 Conclusions
References
24 Nanovesicles for the delivery of siRNA
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Preparation of nanovesicles and small interfering RNA-loaded nanovesicles
24.2.1 Nanovesicle preparation
24.2.2 Loading nanovesicles with small interfering RNAs
24.2.3 Preparing a western blot
24.2.4 Small interfering RNA quantification
24.2.5 Size and zeta potential measurement of nanovesicles
24.2.6 Short harpin RNA transduction, PKH67 labeling and nanovesicle-uptake
24.2.6.1 Short harpin RNA transduction
24.2.6.2 PKH67 labeling and nanovesicles uptake
24.2.7 In vitro treatment of nanovesicles in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and λ820 cells
24.2.7.1 In vitro treatment of nanovesicles in human umbilical vein endothelial cells
24.2.7.2 Nanovesicle administration to λ820 cells
24.2.8 The quantitative real time-PCR kit for nanovesicle-small interfering RNAs gene detection/recognition
24.2.9 Cell count and proliferation assays
24.3 Some applications of nanovesicles for the delivery of small interfering RNA in target cells/drug delivery
24.4 Conclusion
References
25 Clinical trials of nanovesicles for drug delivery applications
25.1 Introduction
25.2 The legal framework for clinical trials
25.3 Regulatory challenges in clinical trials in the field of nanovesicles
25.4 Liposomes
25.5 Peptide-based nanovesicles
25.6 Exosomes
25.7 Phytosomes
25.8 Niosomes
25.9 Conclusions
References
Index