Applications of Nanotechnology in Drug Discovery and Delivery

Applications of Nanotechnology in Drug Discovery and Delivery
Copyright
Contents
List of contributors
1 Roles of nanoparticles in drug discovery and delivery
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Types of nanoparticles
1.2.1 Lipid nanoparticles
1.2.2 Polymer-based nanoparticles
1.2.3 Inorganic component-based nanoparticles
1.3 Application of nanoparticles
1.3.1 Drug release profile
1.3.2 Gene delivery
1.3.3 Pulmonary delivery
1.3.4 Antimicrobial delivery
1.3.5 Brain targeting
1.3.6 Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution
1.3.7 Mucoadhesive delivery
1.3.8 Skin delivery
1.3.9 Macrophage uptake
1.3.10 Nanotheranostics
1.4 Summary and conclusion
References
2 Nanoencapsulation of nutraceuticals and dietary supplements for effective delivery
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Nutraceuticals
2.3 Nanoencapsulation of nutraceuticals and dietary supplements
2.4 Nanoencapsulation techniques for nutraceuticals
2.4.1 Emulsification technique
2.4.2 Nanoprecipitation technique
2.4.3 Coacervation technique
2.5 Encapsulated nutraceuticals for drug delivery
2.5.1 Nanoemulsions
2.5.2 Polymeric nanoparticles
2.5.3 Magnetic nanoparticles
2.5.4 Nanoliposomes
2.5.5 Nanophytosomes
2.6 Conclusion
Abbreviations
References
3 Nanoformulation of antioxidant supplements
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Nanoformulations methods
3.2.1 Emulsion solvent evaporation method
3.2.2 Solvent displacement method
3.2.3 Supercritical fluid technology
3.2.4 Template synthesis method
3.2.5 Chemical precipitation technique
3.2.6 Nanoprecipitation
3.3 Nanoformulations for antioxidants
3.3.1 Natural or plant-derived nanoantioxidants
3.3.1.1 Nanocurcumin
3.3.1.2 Nanoepigallocatechin-3-gallate
3.3.1.3 Nanogenistein
3.3.1.4 Nanoquercetin
3.3.1.5 Nanoresveratrol
3.3.1.6 Nanorosmarinic acid
3.3.2 Chemical and synthetic nanoantioxidants
3.3.2.1 Silica nanoparticles
3.3.2.2 Gold nanoparticles
3.3.2.3 Silver nanoparticles
3.3.2.4 Iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles
3.3.2.5 Cerium oxide nanoparticles
3.3.2.6 Dual nanoantioxidant
3.3.2.7 Polymeric nanoantioxidant
3.3.2.8 Metal nanoantioxidants
3.4 Antioxidants in nanomedicine
3.4.1 Vitamin C
3.4.2 Vitamin E
3.4.3 Beta-carotene
3.4.4 Selenium
3.5 Advantages and disadvantages of nanofomulation of antioxidant supplements
3.6 Future perspective and conclusion
Abbreviations
References
4 Nanophytomedicines: nature to medicines
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Nanophytomedicines
4.3 Therapeutic potentials of nanophytomedicine
4.4 Nanophytomedicines with improved target binding ability
4.5 Nanophytomedicines and their oral bioavailability
4.6 Nanophytomedicine with improved safety
4.7 Toxicity of nanophytomedicine
4.8 Regulatory aspects and ethical issues associated with nanophytomedicine
4.9 Challenges encountered in nanophytomedicine
4.10 Current progress and future prospects
4.11 Conclusion
References
5 Characterization of nanoparticles: methods and techniques
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Differential scanning calorimetry
5.3 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
5.4 Scanning electron microscopy
5.5 Transmission electron microscopy
5.6 X-Ray diffraction
5.7 Encapsulation efficiency, drug-loading capacity, and percentage of recovery
5.8 Topical nanoparticle strategies
5.9 Drug release studies of nanoparticles
5.9.1 Drug release study of nanoparticles for oral dosage forms
5.9.2 Drug release study of nanoparticles for topical dosage forms
5.10 Solubility of nanoparticles
5.11 Toxicity effects of nanoparticles
5.11.1 In vitro toxicity effect
5.11.1.1 In vivo toxicity effect for topical administration of nanoparticles
5.11.1.2 In vivo toxicity effects for oral administration of nanoparticles
5.12 Stability enhancement of nanoparticles
5.13 Future projection and conclusion
References
6 Applications of nanotechnology in pharmaceutical products
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Comparison of traditional and nanodrug delivery
6.2.1 Essentials of drug delivery system
6.2.2 Conventional versus novel drug delivery system
6.2.3 Carrier-based drug delivery system
6.2.4 Nanodrug delivery system as a carrier-based drug delivery system
6.3 Pharmaceutical products through nanotechnology
6.3.1 Classification of nanopharmaceutical products
6.3.1.1 Nanomaterials
6.3.1.2 Nanodevices
6.4 Applications of nanotechnology in pharmaceutical processes
6.4.1 Drug delivery
6.4.2 Gene therapy
6.4.3 Medical diagnosis
6.4.4 Drug discovery
6.4.5 Other novel applications
6.5 Challenges in nanotechnology-based drug delivery system
6.6 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
7 Advances in nanotechnology for drug discovery and design
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Nanomaterials, nanotechnology, and nanobiotechnology
7.2.1 Nanomaterials
7.2.2 Nanotechnology
7.2.3 Nanobiotechnology
7.3 Role of nanotechnology and nanobiotechnology in biomedicine
7.3.1 Biopolymer nanoparticles
7.3.2 Protein and polysaccharide nanoparticles
7.3.3 Liposomes
7.3.4 Polymeric micelles
7.3.5 Nanocrystals
7.3.6 Quantum dots
7.3.7 Dendrimers
7.3.8 Metallic nanoparticles
7.4 Hurdles and challenges
7.5 Future perspectives
7.6 Summary and conclusion
References
Further reading
8 Nanomedicine for diabetes mellitus management
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Type 1 diabetes mellitus and nanomedicine
8.3 Type 2 diabetes mellitus and nanomedicine
8.4 Insulin delivery and nanotechnology
8.4.1 Polymeric nanoparticles
8.4.2 Ceramic nanoparticles
8.4.3 Polymeric micelles
8.4.4 Dendrimers
8.4.5 Liposomes
8.4.6 Other nanoparticles
8.5 Nanopumps
8.6 Insulin delivery via inhalation
8.7 Transplanted pancreatic islets nanoencapsulation
8.8 Biological microelectromechanical systems for insulin delivery
8.9 Nanotechnology in noninsulin remedy
8.9.1 Artificial pancreas
8.9.2 Nanopore immunoisolation tools
8.9.3 Nanorobotics
8.10 Nanotechnology applications in the management of diabetes-related complications
8.10.1 Nanotechnology in diabetic retinopathy
8.10.2 Nanotechnology in diabetes-induced foot ulcers
8.10.3 Nanotechnology in other diabetes-associated complications
8.11 Advantages of using nanotechnology in diabetes mellitus management
8.12 Limitations in using nanotechnology in diabetes mellitus management
8.13 Conclusion
References
9 Nanotechnological application of peptide- and protein-based therapeutics
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Benefits of peptide and protein therapeutics in biomedicine
9.3 Challenges with peptide- and protein-based therapeutics
9.4 Excipients used in synthesis of protein and peptide nanoparticles
9.4.1 Gliadin
9.4.2 Milk protein
9.4.3 Legumin
9.4.4 Elastin
9.4.5 Albumin
9.4.6 Gelatin
9.4.7 Zein
9.4.8 Soy protein
9.5 Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of protein-based therapeutics nanomaterials
9.5.1 Therapeutic application
9.5.1.1 Ocular disease applications
9.5.1.2 Application in cancer treatment
9.5.1.3 Applications of nanoparticles of protein-based therapeutics in treatment of other diseases
9.5.2 Diagnostic applications
9.5.2.1 Magnetic nanoparticles
9.5.2.2 Carbon nanotubes and gold nanoparticles
9.5.2.3 Other diagnostics using protein-based therapeutic nanoparticles
9.6 Improving stability using protein-based therapeutics nanoparticles
9.6.1 Physical stability enhancement
9.6.2 Biological stability improvement
9.7 Evaluation parameters and formulation techniques for protein/peptide nanoparticles
9.7.1 Emulsification method
9.7.2 Desolvation method
9.7.3 Electrospray method
9.7.4 Complex coacervation method
9.8 Biomedical applications of nanoparticles of proteins and peptides
9.8.1 Routes
9.8.1.1 Oral route
9.8.1.2 Blood-brain barrier routes
9.8.1.3 Nasal route
9.8.1.4 Pulmonary route
9.8.2 Antibiotics
9.8.3 Delivery of nonviral gene
9.8.4 Immunological adjuvant
9.8.5 Treatment of diseases
9.9 Concerns about peptide- and protein-based nanoparticles
9.10 Future prospects
9.11 Conclusion
Abbreviations
References
10 Nanodrug delivery systems in cancer therapy
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Currently available conventional cancer therapy
10.3 Drug delivery systems
10.4 Drug carriers
10.4.1 Types of drug carriers
10.4.1.1 Microspheres
10.4.1.2 Polymeric micelles
10.4.1.3 Liposomes
10.4.1.4 Nanodiamonds
10.4.1.5 Nanofibers
10.5 Protein nanoparticles
10.6 Anticancer nanoparticle drugs
10.7 Application of nanodrug delivery systems
10.8 Drawbacks of using nanodrug delivery
10.9 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
11 Nanotechnology interventions in neuroscience: current perspectives and strategies
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Nanotechnology in neuroimaging
11.3 Nanotechnology in neurodiagnostic
11.4 Nanotechnology in neurological devices
11.5 Nanotechnology-based therapeutic interventions for neural disorders
11.5.1 Organic nanoparticles
11.5.2 Inorganic nanoparticles
11.5.3 Impact of nanomaterials in neuroscience: clinical trials and case studies
11.5.3.1 APH-1105
11.5.3.2 CNM-Au8
11.5.3.3 CNM-Au8 in visionary MS
11.5.3.4 Patisiran
11.5.4 Neuropsychiatric drugs
11.6 Future perspectives
11.7 Conclusions
References
12 Nanotechnology application for effective delivery of antimalarial drugs
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Nanotechnology approaches for antimalarial
12.3 Nano-based drug preparation materials
12.3.1 Lipid nanoemulsion
12.3.2 Polymeric micelles
12.3.3 Lipid-based delivery systems
12.3.4 Lipid nanoparticles
12.3.5 Liposomes
12.4 Nano-based drug delivery for malarial treatment
12.5 Nanocarriers for antimalarial drug
12.5.1 Mesoporous silica as a nanocarrier for antimalarial drugs
12.5.2 Liposomes as a nanocarrier for antimalarial drugs
12.5.3 Solid lipid nanoparticles
12.5.4 Nanostructured lipid carriers
12.5.5 Microemulsions and nanoemulsions
12.5.6 Polymeric nanoparticles
12.6 Nanocapsules
12.7 Challenges of nanotechnology for antimalarial drugs
12.8 Conclusion and future prospects
Abbreviations
References
13 Applications of nanotechnology in lung cancer
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Classification of nanoparticles
13.3 Relationship between nanoparticles and drug delivery
13.4 Lung cancer
13.5 Nanotechnology application in targeting lung cancer
13.5.1 Passive targeting
13.5.2 Active targeting
13.6 Advantages of nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery
13.7 Disadvantages of nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery
13.8 Conclusion
References
14 Toxicity of nanomaterials in drug delivery
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Applications of nanomaterials in drug delivery: a brief overview
14.3 Cellular uptake and metabolomics of nanomaterials in a biological system
14.4 Toxicity of nanomaterials in biological systems: potential exposure routes
14.4.1 Toxicity of nanomaterials in the nervous system
14.4.2 Toxicity of nanomaterials in the liver
14.4.3 Toxicity of nanomaterials in the pulmonary system
14.4.4 Toxicity of nanomaterials in the kidney
14.4.5 Toxicity of nanomaterials in the integumentary system
14.5 Potential mechanisms of nanomaterials toxicity in biological systems
14.5.1 Generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress
14.5.2 Inflammation
14.5.3 DNA damage
14.6 Future perspective and conclusion
References
15 In vitro and in vivo toxicity of metal nanoparticles and their drug delivery applications
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Metal nanoparticles
15.2.1 Gold nanoparticles
15.2.2 Silver nanoparticles
15.2.3 Copper nanoparticles
15.2.4 Other metal nanoparticles
15.2.5 Novel metal nanoparticles
15.3 In vitro toxic analysis of metal nanoparticles
15.3.1 Gold and silver nanoparticles
15.3.2 Metal oxide nanoparticles
15.3.3 Novel metal nanoparticles
15.4 In vivo toxic analysis of metal nanoparticles
15.4.1 Mouse models
15.4.2 Zebrafish
15.4.3 Drosophila
15.4.4 Other animal models
15.5 Drug delivery applications of metal nanoparticles
15.5.1 Cancer treatment
15.5.2 Diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases
15.5.3 Other diseases
15.6 Future perspective
15.7 Conclusion
References
Index