Minimally invasive techniques such as Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) and Photochemical Internalisation (PCI) have for years been under investigation for the treatment of solid cancers. A significant number of the recent research studies have applied PDT and PCI to biological three-dimensional (3D) cancer platforms with many of the studies also involving the use of nanoparticles in order to enhance the efficacy of these light-based therapies. Interest in the employment of 3D cancer platforms has increased considerably due to the ability of the platforms to mimic in vivo models better than the conventional two-dimensional (2D) cultures. Some of the advantages of the 3D cancer systems over their 2D counterparts include improved interaction between cancer cells and the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) as well as restricted drug penetration which would allow optimization of treatments prior to undertaking of in vivo studies. The different chapters of this book will discuss photosensitizers and nanoparticles used in PDT and PCI in addition to the applications of these treatments in various 3D cancer models.
Author(s): Layla Mohammad-Hadi, Marym Mohammad-Hadi
Series: Synthesis Lectures on Materials and Optics
Edition: 1
Publisher: Morgan & Claypool Publishers
Year: 2020
Language: English
Tags: Oncology; Nanomedicine; Surgical Biotechnology; photodynamic therapy; cancer therapy
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Introduction
References
Photodynamic Therapy and Photochemical Internalization
Introduction
Photodynamic Therapy
Light Sources Used in PDT
Clinical Trials of PDT in Cancer Patients
Clinical Trials in Non-Cancerous Diseases
Photochemical Internalization
Different Mechanisms of Endocytosis
Clinical Trials of PCI
Potential Advantages of PCI Over PDT
References
Photosensitizers and Therapeutic Agents Used in PDT and PCI
Introduction
Photosensitizers Used in PDT
First-Generation Photosensitizers
Second-Generation Photosensitizers
Third-Generation Photosensitizers
Photosensitizers Used in PCI
Chemotherapeutic Drugs Used in PCI
PCI for the Delivery of Genetic Material Into Cells
Viral Gene Delivery Through PCI
PCI in Cancer Vaccination
References
The Use of Nanoparticles in PDT and PCI
Introduction
Roles of Different Nanoparticles in PDT and PCI
Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
Quantum Dots (QDs)
Upconversion Nanoparticles
Biodegradable Nanoparticles
Micelles and PLGA Nanoparticles
Liposomes
Dendrimers
Natural Polymer-Based Nanoparticles
Human Serum Albumin Nanoparticles
Chitosan
Lipoprotein and Dextran Nanoparticles
Non-Biodegradable Nanoparticles
Gold Nanoparticles
Silica-Based Nanoparticles
References
3D in vitro Cancer Models
Introduction
Three-Dimensional (3D) in vitro Cell Culture Models
Spheroids
Cell Derived Matrices (CDMs)
Microfluidic Devices
Scaffolds
Natural Scaffolds
Synthetic Scaffolds
References
The Applications of PDT and PCI in 3D in vitro Cancer Models
Introduction
PDT in 3D Cancer Models
Application of PDT Involving Nanoparticles in 3D Cancer Models
PCI in 3D Cancer Models
References
Authors' Biographies
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