Applications of Biotechnology for Sustainable Textile Production

Applications of Biotechnology for Sustainable Textile Production
Copyright
Contents
List of contributors
Preface
1 Background and type of textile materials processed in textile industry
1.1 Background
1.2 Textile fibres
1.2.1 Cotton
1.2.1.1 Chemical composition of cotton
1.2.2 Wool
1.2.2.1 Finestructure
1.2.3 Silk
1.2.4 Linen
1.2.5 Viscose rayon
1.2.6 Polyester
1.2.7 Acrylic
1.3 Forms of textile
1.3.1 Yarns
1.3.1.1 Staple fibre – ring spinning
1.3.1.2 Rotor spinning
1.3.1.3 Filament yarn
1.3.2 Fabric
1.3.2.1 Woven fabric
1.3.2.2 Knitted fabric
1.4 Conclusion
References
Further reading
2 Techno-economic analysis of present process in textile industry
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Price components of the textile industry
2.2.1 Materials cost
2.2.2 Packaging cost
2.2.3 Salary and wages
2.2.4 Price of electricity
2.2.5 Store cost
2.2.6 Working capital
2.2.7 Overhead cost
2.2.8 Production planning cost
2.3 Capacity of plant
2.4 Power requirement
2.5 Standard working times
2.6 Plant capacity
2.7 Textile as an absorber of vibration
2.8 Technological and economic research
2.9 Fixed costs
2.10 Financial economic growth
2.11 Job climate and risks in the garment field
2.12 Major hazards in the textile sector
2.13 Cotton dust mechanical hazard
2.14 Dangers of substances
2.15 Biological threats
2.16 Ergonomic threats
2.17 Musculoskeletal disruptions
2.18 Psychosocial issues with textiles
2.19 Other rising threats
2.19.1 Noise risks
2.19.2 Fire hazards
2.19.3 Textile business disaster
2.19.4 Insufficient infrastructure
2.20 Sustainability in the fashion sector operating climate
2.20.1 Organization accountability
2.20.2 Fundamental requirements
2.20.3 Maintenance of documents
2.20.4 Symbols and characters
2.21 Training person
2.22 Wages and time for work
2.23 Regulation on wages
2.24 Sexual harassment
2.25 Employment instability
2.26 Overtime at work
2.27 Equality for men and women
2.28 Gender Equality Act 2012 Workplace
2.29 Women’s safety and health in textiles
2.30 Baby/child care centre
2.31 Recommendations on child labour elimination
2.32 Global labour law requirements civil rights
2.33 Recommendations on child labour elimination
2.34 Human equality global requirements for workers
2.35 Employment retention requirements
2.36 Occupational safety and environmental requirements
2.37 Conclusions
References
3 Biotechnological approaches in desizing of textile materials
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Dry pretreatments
3.2.1 Cleaning, cropping, and shearing
3.2.1.1 Precleaning process
3.2.1.2 Cropping and shearing
3.2.2 Singing operation
3.2.2.1 Object of singing
Singeing machines
Hot plate-singeing machine
The roller-singeing machine
Gas-singeing machine
3.3 Wet pretreatments
3.3.1 Desizing
3.3.1.1 Sizing ingredients
3.3.2 Object of desizing
3.3.3 Methods of desizing
3.3.4 Hydrolytic type
3.3.4.1 Rot steep
Advantages of rot steeping
Disadvantages of rot steeping
3.3.4.2 Acid desizing
Advantages of acid desizing
Disadvantages of acid desizing
3.3.4.3 Alkali desizing
Advantages of alkali desizing
Disadvantages of alkali desizing
3.3.4.4 Enzyme desizing
3.3.5 Enzymatic desizing techniques
3.3.5.1 Desizing on Jigger
3.3.5.2 Continuous desizing (using a winch)
Recipe
3.3.5.3 Continuous desizing (using a J-box)
Recipe
Advantages of continuous enzyme desizing
Disadvantages of continuous enzyme desizing
3.3.6 Desizing of synthetic fibre fabrics and their blends with cellulose
3.3.6.1 Desizing of polyester/cotton (P/C) blends
3.3.6.2 A semicontinuous process – the pad-roll process
Recipe
3.3.7 Desizing using oxidising type agents
3.3.7.1 Sodium bromite desizing
Semicontinuous process
Recipe
Continuous process
Recipe
3.3.8 Novel desizing techniques
3.3.8.1 Solvent desizing
3.3.8.2 Low-temperature plasma treatment
3.4 Enzymatic desizing using amylases enzyme
3.4.1 Enzymes
3.4.2 Merits and demerits of enzymes
3.4.3 Challenges and problems of enzyme application
3.4.4 Precautions to be taken during usage
3.4.5 Source of enzymes
3.4.6 Natural chemical compounds
3.4.7 Types of amylase enzymes
3.4.7.1 α-amylase
3.4.7.2 β-amylase
3.4.7.3 γ-amylase
3.4.8 Structural and functional characteristics
3.4.9 Enzyme structure and mode of action
3.4.10 Enzyme efficiency
3.5 Conclusion
References
4 Biotechnological approaches in scouring of textile materials
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Materials
4.3 Methods
4.3.1 Conventional scouring
4.3.2 Bioscouring
4.3.3 Hydrogen peroxide bleaching
4.4 Testing and analysis
4.5 Results and discussion
4.5.1 Effects of peroxide bleaching on conventionally and bioscoured linen fabric
4.5.2 Effects of bioscouring on dyeing
4.5.3 Characteristics of effluents of linen processing
4.6 Conclusion
References
Further reading
5 Biotechnological approaches for sustainable pretreatment of textile materials
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Role of industrial biotechnology in processing of textiles
5.2 Importance of preparatory processes in textile manufacture
5.2.1 Pretreatment of cotton materials
5.2.2 Pretreatment of woollen materials
5.2.3 Pretreatment of silk materials
5.2.4 Pretreatment of other materials
5.3 Chemicals in textile preparatory processing and their impact
5.3.1 Classification of carcinogens and their impact
5.3.2 Classification of textile processing chemicals
5.3.3 Impact of preparatory textile wet processing
5.4 Bioprocessing – a novel approach to sustainability
5.4.1 Bio processes in textile preparation
5.4.1.1 Enzyme pretreatment of cotton
5.4.1.2 Enzyme pretreatment for wool and silk
5.5 Enzymes for preparatory processing
5.5.1 Special features of enzymes
5.5.2 Chemistry of enzymes for preparatory processing
5.5.2.1 Amylase
5.5.2.2 Pectinases
5.5.3 Glucose oxidases
5.5.4 Catalases
5.5.5 Cellulase
5.5.5.1 Proteases
5.6 Roadmap to sustainable preparatory processing & conclusion
5.6.1 Roadmap for sustainable textile bio process
5.6.2 Concluding remarks
References
6 Biotechnological approaches in dyeing of textile materials
6.1 Introduction—bio dyes
6.2 Biomaterials for dyeing applications
6.3 Bio approach in textile dyeing
6.4 Laccase catalysed coloration of wool and nylon
6.4.1 Influence of aromatic compound on laccase enzymatic dyeing
6.5 Bio printing
6.5.1 Biomaterials in textile printing
6.5.1.1 Biomaterials in block printing
6.5.1.2 Biomaterials in screen printing
6.5.1.3 Biomaterials in digital printing
6.6 Environmental impact
6.7 Bio mordanting
6.7.1 Bio mordanting of silk
6.7.2 Bio mordanting of wool
6.7.2.1 Colour parameters (CIEL,a,b,values)
6.7.2.2 K/S analysis of biomordant versus metal mordant
6.8 Decolouration
6.8.1 Bio catalyst for decolouration in effluents
6.8.2 Immobilised laccase bio catalyst for synthetic dyes decolouration
6.9 Dyes remediation
6.9.1 Biosorption using plant base bio-adsorbents
6.9.2 Mechanism of interaction
6.9.3 Decolouration and detoxification of azo dye
6.9.4 Photocatalytic degradation of textile dyes using nanoparticles
6.9.5 Mechanism of formation of nano particles
6.10 Conclusion
References
7 Biotechnological approaches in printing of textile materials
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Textile printing styles and methods
7.3 Natural dyes in textile printing
7.4 Enzyme applications in textile printing
7.5 Digital printing of textiles
7.6 Treatment of effluent from textile printing
7.7 Summary
References
Further reading
8 Biotechnological and nano-biotechnological approaches in finishing of textile materials
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Role of enzymes
8.3 Mechanism and sources of enzyme
8.4 Factors affecting the efficiency of enzymes
8.5 Classification of enzyme
8.6 Enzymes used in the textile processing
8.6.1 Amylases
8.6.2 Proteases
8.6.3 Cellulases
8.6.4 Pectinases and hemicelluloses
8.6.5 Lipases
8.6.6 Catalases and laccases
8.7 Applications of enzyme in textile finishing
8.7.1 Biopolishing and biostoning
8.7.2 Denim’s enzymatic bleaching
8.7.3 Textile drainage decolourization
8.7.4 Retting of bast fibres
8.7.5 Carbonization of fur
8.7.6 Shrink-proofing fur
8.7.7 Processing of silk
8.7.8 Catalyzed dye production enzyme
8.8 Benefits of enzymatic textile processing
8.9 Limitations of enzyme
8.10 Conclusions
References
9 Bio resources mediated technological advancements in chemical finishing of textiles
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Flame retardant finishes
9.2.1 Mechanism of flame retardancy
9.2.2 Bio based flame retardants
9.2.3 Hazards related to flame retardants
9.3 Antimicrobial finishes
9.3.1 Mechanism of antimicrobial action
9.3.2 Bio based antimicrobial agents
9.3.3 Hazards related to antimicrobial agents
9.4 Crease resistant finishing
9.4.1 Mechanism of crease formation
9.4.2 Bio based crease resistant finishes
9.4.3 Hazards related to crease resistant finishes
9.5 UV resistant finishes
9.5.1 Mechanism of UV resistance
9.5.2 Bio based UV resistant finishes
9.5.3 Hazards related to UV resistant agents
9.6 Conclusions and future thrust
Acknowledgments
References
10 Biotechnological and nano-biotechnological approaches in treatment of textile effluents
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Advantages of bio nanosorbents
10.3 Nanomaterials as water disposal adsorbents
10.4 Materials based on graphene
10.5 Oxides of nanometal
10.6 Auxiliary nanometal oxides
10.7 Nanoadsorbents
10.8 Materials based on silsesquioxane
10.9 Photocatalyst nanomaterials
10.10 Antibacterial nanomaterials
10.11 Nano microparticle magnetic core composite
10.12 Nanoscale emulsified nanovalent iron for surface water remediation
10.13 Nanosized ceramic water filters for the treatment of drinking water
10.14 Commercial wastewater application nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI)
10.15 Nanosilver-enabled water treatment composite
10.16 Evaluation of wastewater nanoparticles assessment of biotechnological usages
10.16.1 Nano-adsorptive compounds
10.16.2 Nanocatalysts
10.16.3 Nano-diaphragms/membranes
10.17 Integrated biological nanoparticles
10.18 Conclusions
References
11 Conclusion on biotechnology in textile production and future scope
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Biotechnology in natural fibre production
11.3 Biotechnology in novel polymers/fibres production
11.4 Biotechnology in preparation of textile materials
11.5 Biotechnology in colouration of textile materials
11.6 Biotechnology and nano-biotechnology in finishing of textile materials
11.7 Nano-biotechnology and biotechnology in wastewater treatment
11.8 Limitations of applications of biotechnology in textile production
11.9 Future scope of biotechnology in textile production
11.10 Conclusion
References
Index