Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Natural Resources and Built Infrastructure Management

Contents
About the Editors
1 Applications of Geospatial and Information Technologies Toward Achieving Sustainable Development Goals
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Sustainable Development Goals
1.2.1 Targets
1.2.2 Sustainable Development Goals Index (SDGI) and Its Global Perspective
1.2.3 Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on SDGs Implementation
1.3 Importance and Scope of Geospatial Technology on SDGs Implementation
1.4 Application of Geospatial Techniques Toward Achieving SDGs
1.5 Application of Information and Communication Technology Toward Achieving SDGs
1.5.1 Application of Big Data
1.5.2 Application of Artificial Intelligence
1.5.3 Application of Internet of Things
1.6 Integration of Geospatial Technology with ICT and Its Significance
1.7 Gaps or Challenges
1.7.1 Data-Related Challenges
1.7.2 Lack of Technology Infrastructure
1.7.3 Skilled/Trained Manpower
1.7.4 Lack of Awareness
1.7.5 Others
1.8 Conclusions
References
2 Comparison of Maximum Likelihood, Neural Networks, and Random Forests Algorithms in Classifying Urban Landscape
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Study Area
2.3 Methodology
2.3.1 Preprocessing
2.3.2 Classification Algorithms
2.3.3 Image Classification
2.4 Results and Discussion
2.4.1 Comparison of Overall Accuracies
2.4.2 Comparison of Producer’s and User’s Accuracies
2.5 Conclusion
References
3 Crowd-Assisted Flood Disaster Management
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Background of Crowdsourced Data (CSD)
3.3 Challenges and Opportunities in CSD
3.4 Applications of CSD
3.5 Quality and Performance of CSD
3.5.1 Credibility of Crowdsourced Data
3.5.2 Relevance of Crowdsourced Data
3.6 Case Study: Flood Disaster Management
3.6.1 CSD Location Availability
3.6.2 CSD Credibility Analysis: A Naïve Bayesian Network-Based Model for CSD Credibility Detection
3.7 Conclusion
References
4 Geospatial Big Earth Data and Urban Data Analytics
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Big Earth Data and their Characteristics
4.3 Big Earth Data Sources
4.4 Existing Platforms for Big Earth Data Processing and Management
4.5 Big Earth Data Analytics
4.6 Big Earth Data and Urban Studies
4.7 Big Data Urban Analytics Toward Society 5.0
4.8 Challenges and Way Forward
References
5 A Comparative Analysis of Spatiotemporal Drought Events from Remote Sensing and Standardized Precipitation Indexes in Central America Dry Corridor
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Case Study
5.3 Methodology
5.3.1 Data Acquisition
5.3.2 Drought Calculation
5.3.3 Drought Vegetation Monitoring Indexes
5.3.4 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index NDVI
5.3.5 Vegetation Condition Index VCI
5.3.6 Climatological Drought Indexes
5.3.7 Spatiotemporal Monitoring
5.4 Results and Discussion
5.4.1 Climatological Drought Index
5.4.2 Drought Vegetation Monitoring Indexes
5.4.3 Spatiotemporal Approach
5.4.4 Drought Tracking
5.5 Conclusions
5.6 Recommendations
References
6 Application of GIS and Remote Sensing Tools in Assessment of Drought Using Satellite and Ground-Based Data
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Materials and Methodology
6.2.1 Study Area
6.2.2 Statistical Analysis
6.2.3 Rainfall Departure Analysis
6.2.4 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)
6.2.5 Satellite Data
6.2.6 Vegetation Condition Index (VCI)
6.3 Results and Discussion
6.3.1 Rainfall Departure Analysis
6.3.2 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)
6.3.3 Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) Analysis
6.4 Conclusions
References
7 Determining the Yield of Rice Using the Leaf Area Index (LAI) in Iran
7.1 Rice Cultivation in Iran
7.2 Types of Rice Cultivation in Iran
7.2.1 The Method of Transplanting
7.2.2 Direct Seeding Method
7.3 Rice Yield Remote Estimation Indices
7.4 Leaf Area Index
7.5 Detection of Rice Crop by Remote Sensing Method
7.5.1 Unsupervised Classification
7.5.2 Supervised Classification
7.6 Determining Rice Yield
7.7 Results Evaluation of Rice Yield
7.8 Discussion and Conclusion
References
8 Soil Erosion Modeling Using Remote Sensing and GIS
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Study Area
8.3 Methodology
8.3.1 Erosion Modeling Using RUSLE
8.3.2 Erosion Modeling Using MMF Model
8.3.3 Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR)
8.3.4 Model Validation
8.4 Results and Discussion
8.4.1 Soil Loss by RUSLE Model
8.4.2 Soil Loss by MMF Model
8.5 Conclusions
References
9 The Mapping of the Intensity of Degradation According to the Different Land Use in Arid Regions: The Case of the Bouhamed Watershed, Southern Tunisia
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Study Area Exposed to Desertification Problems
9.2.1 Arid Climate and Fragile Biophysical Context
9.2.2 Ancient and Changing Human Occupation
9.3 Methodological Approach to Mapping Land Degradation Based on Remote Sensing and GIS
9.3.1 Data and Tools
9.3.2 Soil Degradation Mapping Method
9.4 Study and Assessment of Degradation Intensity in the Bouhamed Watershed
9.4.1 Mapping of the Surface State by the Spectral Indices Approach
9.4.2 Mapping Human Occupation Patterns
9.4.3 Determination of the Intensity of Degradation
9.4.4 Assessment of the State of Desertification by Specification of the Sensitivity Level: Summary Map
9.5 Discussion
9.6 Conclusion
9.7 Recommendation
References
10 Applicability of the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model Data for Basin-Scale Spatiotemporal Drought Assessment
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Materials and Methods
10.2.1 Case Study
10.2.2 WEAP Model
10.2.3 GLEAM Data
10.2.4 The Wet-Environment Evapotranspiration and Precipitation Standardized Index (WEPSI)
10.2.5 Experimental Setup
10.3 Results and Discussion
10.3.1 WEPSI Calculation and Performance Evaluation
10.3.2 Eligibility of a Global ET Dataset for Local WEPSI Applications
10.4 Conclusions
References
11 Remote Sensing-Based Estimation of Shallow Inland Lake Morphometry: A Case Study of Sambhar Salt Lake, Ramsar Site-464, India
11.1 Introduction and Background
11.1.1 Why Lake Morphometry?
11.2 Significant Literature Inferences About Importance of Lake Morphometry
11.3 Material and Methods
11.3.1 Study Area—General Description
11.3.2 Image Preprocessing
11.3.3 Extraction of Water Surface
11.3.4 Calculation of the Lake Morphometric Parameters
11.4 Results and Discussion
11.4.1 Lake Water Surface Area (A) or (a)
11.4.2 Maximum Length (Lmax)
11.4.3 Maximum Width (Bmax) and Mean Width (overlineB)
11.4.4 Lake Water Depth (Maximum Depth Dmax) and (Mean Depth overlineD)
11.4.5 Lake Volume (V) and Form Factor (Vd)
11.4.6 Dynamic Ratio (DR), Erosion-Transportation (ET) Areas, and Accumulation Areas (Ao)
11.5 Conclusion
References
12 Remote Sensing and GIS in Spatial Monitoring of the Wetlands: A Case Study of Loktak Lake Catchment, India
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Wetlands Classifications and Distributions
12.2.1 Ramsar Classification
12.2.2 Wetlands Classifications in India
12.2.3 Distributions of Wetlands in India
12.3 Drivers for Change in Wetland Conditions
12.4 Land Use Land Cover Change (LULCC) Modeling Techniques
12.4.1 Vector-Based CA (VEC-GCA)
12.4.2 CA-Support Vector Machine (SVM) (CA-SVM)
12.4.3 CA-MCE
12.5 Case Study of Herbaceous Wetlands (Phumdis) and Wetlands in Loktak Lake Catchment, Manipur, India
12.6 Results
12.7 Discussions
12.8 Conclusion and Recommendation
References
13 Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zones in a Tropical River Basin Using Geospatial Techniques and Analytical Hierarchy Process
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Study Area
13.3 Data and Methodology
13.4 Results and Discussion
13.4.1 Lithology
13.4.2 Geomorphological Features
13.4.3 Land Use/Land Cover (LU/LC)
13.4.4 Soil Texture
13.4.5 Lineament Density
13.4.6 Slope Angle
13.4.7 Drainage Density
13.4.8 Topographic Wetness Index (TWI)
13.4.9 Rainfall
13.4.10 Relative Importance of the Factors
13.4.11 Groundwater Potential Zones (GWPZs)
13.4.12 Discussions
13.5 Summary and Conclusions
References
14 Management of Environmentally Stressed Areas in Watershed Using Multi-criteria Decision Tool in GIS: A Noble Technique to Conserve Soil for Agriculture
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Rain Splash Erosion
14.1.2 Sheet Erosion
14.1.3 Rill Erosion
14.1.4 Gully Erosion
14.1.5 Bank Erosion
14.2 Soil Erosion in India
14.3 Assessment of Soil Erosion
14.4 Watershed Prioritization and Design of SWC Measures
14.5 Application of GIS
14.6 Case Study
14.6.1 Module-I: Prioritization
14.6.2 Module-II: Development of CAT Plan for SWC Measures
14.7 Study Area and Data Used
14.8 Results and Discussion
14.8.1 Module-I: Prioritization of Sub-watersheds
14.8.2 Module-II CAT Plan for Soil Water Conservation Measures
14.9 Conclusions
References
15 Geospatial Technology for Estimating the Physical Vulnerability of Building Structures to Natural Hazards
15.1 Introduction
15.2 The Study Area
15.3 Methodology
15.3.1 Identification and Grading of Relevant Hazards
15.3.2 Determination of Physical Vulnerability of Building Structures to Floods
15.3.3 Calculation of the Vulnerability Index (VI)
15.4 Risk Assessment for Physical Vulnerability of Building Structures to Floods
15.4.1 The Results of Hazard Assessment
15.4.2 Results of the Vulnerability Assessment
15.5 Conclusion
15.6 Future Directions
References
16 Cooling Potential Simulation of Urban Green Space Using Remote Sensing and Web-Based GIS Integration in Panat Nikom Municipality, Thailand
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Urban Climate and Green Space Relationship
16.3 Remote Sensing for Quality of Green Space and Local Temperature
16.3.1 Land Surface Temperature (LST)
16.3.2 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
16.4 Web-Based GIS for Cooling Potential Simulation of Urban Green Space
16.5 A Case Study: Panat Nikom Municipality, Chon Buri Province, Thailand
16.5.1 Overview of Panat Nikom Municipality
16.5.2 Data and Material
16.5.3 Methodology
16.5.4 Results and Conclusion
16.6 Conclusion
References
17 Geo-spatial Modeling of Coastal Flood Exposures Due to Local Sea-Level Rise and Landscape Dynamics: A Case of Sagar Island
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 Natural Hazards
17.1.2 Coastal Inundation
17.1.3 Land Use Dynamics
17.1.4 Global and India Scenario
17.1.5 Objectives
17.2 Data and Method
17.2.1 Data–Global and Regional Datasets
17.2.2 Study Region and Its History with Disasters
17.2.3 Land Use Analysis and Modeling Using Agent-Based Models
17.2.4 Coastal Hazard Exposure Assessment Framework
17.2.5 Relative Exposure Levels of Assets and Households to Coastal Floods
17.3 Results and Discussions
17.3.1 Land Use Analysis
17.3.2 Land Use Visualization
17.3.3 Coastal Exposure Analysis
17.3.4 Variable Exposure Levels Based on Land Use Change Pattern
17.4 Discussion and Conclusion
References
18 Three-Dimensional (3D) Noise Pollution Visualization via 3D City Modelling
18.1 Introduction
18.2 City Modelling
18.3 Framework of 3D Noise Pollution Modelling
18.4 The 3D Noise Pollution Visualization
18.5 Discussion
18.6 Conclusion
18.7 Recommendations
References
19 Decadal Satellite Data Analysis for Flood Hazard Mapping: A Case Study of Eastern Uttar Pradesh
19.1 Introduction
19.1.1 Significance of the Work
19.1.2 Purpose
19.1.3 Study Area
19.1.4 Research Objectives
19.1.5 Data and Software Used
19.2 Methodology
19.2.1 Data Acquisition
19.2.2 Data Analysis
19.3 Results and Discussions
19.3.1 Flood Inundation Studies
19.3.2 Flood Stagnation Studies
19.4 Key Findings
19.5 Summary
19.6 Limitations
References