Application of Nanoparticles in Tissue Engineering

Contents
1: Nanoparticles for Tissue Engineering: Type, Properties, and Characterization
1.1 Introduction
1.2 History of Nanoparticles
1.3 Types of Nanoparticles
1.3.1 Organic Nanoparticles
1.3.1.1 Liposomes
1.3.1.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles
1.3.2 Dendrimers
1.3.3 Inorganic Nanoparticles
1.3.3.1 Silica Nanoparticles
1.3.3.2 Metallic Nanoparticles
Gold Nanoparticle
1.3.4 Magnetic Nanoparticle
1.3.4.1 Bio-ceramics and Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles
1.3.4.2 Carbon Nanotubes
1.4 Physiochemical Properties of Nanoparticles
1.4.1 Electronic and Optical Properties
1.4.2 Mechanical Properties
1.4.3 Magnetic Properties
1.4.4 Thermal Properties
1.5 Characterization of Nanoparticles
1.5.1 Particle Size
1.5.2 Surface Charge
1.5.3 Hydrophobicity
1.5.4 Drug Release
1.6 Application of Nanoparticles
1.6.1 Biological Property Enhancement
1.6.2 Mechanical Property Enhancement
1.6.3 3D Tissue Construction
1.6.4 Antibacterial Applications
1.6.5 Cells Stimulation for Mechano-transduction
1.6.6 Gene Delivery
1.7 Challenges and Future Perspective
1.8 Conclusion
References
2: Nanoparticles and Bioceramics Used in Hard Tissue Engineering
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Nanoparticles Used in Hard Tissue Engineering
2.2.1 Organic Nanoparticles
2.2.1.1 Liposomes
2.2.1.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles
2.2.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles
2.2.2.1 Silica NPs
2.2.2.2 Metallic NPs
2.2.2.3 Bioactive Glass
2.2.2.4 Carbon Nanotubes
2.2.2.5 Quantum Dots
2.3 Bioceramics Used in Tissue Engineering
2.3.1 Classification Based on Origin
2.3.2 Classification Based on Tissue Response
2.3.3 Classification Based on Composition
2.3.3.1 Zirconium-Based Bioceramics
2.3.3.2 Alumina-Based Bioceramics
2.3.3.3 Carbon-Based Bioceramics
2.4 Properties of Nanoparticles and Bioceramic Materials
2.5 Current Challenges and Future Perspective
2.6 Conclusion
References
3: Application of Nanoparticles in Soft Tissue Engineering
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Nanofibers for Soft Tissue Engineering
3.2.1 Nature-Derived Nanofibers
3.2.2 Synthetic Nanofibers
3.3 Inorganic Nanoparticles
3.3.1 Silver Nanoparticles
3.3.2 Gold Nanoparticles
3.3.3 Iron Nanoparticles
3.3.4 Aluminum Nanoparticles
3.3.5 Zinc Nanomaterial
3.3.6 Magnesium Nanoparticles
3.3.7 Titanium
3.4 Nanomaterial Applications in Specific Areas of Tissue Engineering
3.4.1 Application of Nanomaterials for Soft Tissue Engineering in Dentistry
3.4.2 Applications of Nanomaterials for Soft Tissue Engineering in Stem Cells
3.4.3 Application of Nanomaterials for Soft Tissue Engineering in Osteology
3.4.4 Application of Nanomaterials for Soft Tissue Engineering in Cardiac Muscles
3.4.5 Application of Nanomaterials for Soft Tissue Engineering in Neurology
3.5 Future Directions in Soft Tissue Engineering
3.6 Conclusion
References
4: 3D and 4D Nanoprinting for Tissue Regeneration
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Bioprinting Techniques Using Biopolymers and Biomaterials
4.3 Advances in 3D and 4D Nanoprinting Methods
4.3.1 Traditional Methods of 3D Scaffold Synthesis
4.3.1.1 Gas Foaming
4.3.1.2 Freeze-Drying
4.3.1.3 Particle Leaching
4.3.1.4 Fiber Bonding
4.3.1.5 Phase Separation
4.3.2 Advanced Nanoprinting Methods for Scaffold Synthesis
4.3.2.1 Rapid Prototyping
4.3.2.2 Two-Photon Absorption
4.3.2.3 Controlled Electrospinning
4.3.2.4 Charged Aerosol Jet
4.4 Advances in Nanoprinting of Cells, Tissues, and Organs
4.4.1 Skin
4.4.2 Bone and Cartilage
4.4.3 Retina
4.4.4 Neural
4.5 Major Challenges Influencing the Bio-nanoprinting for Tissue Engineering
4.5.1 Factors Influencing Bio-nanoprinting for Tissue Engineering
4.6 Future Perspectives
References
5: Strategies to Improve Delivery of Bioactive Agents
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Strategies for Improving Delivery of Bioactive Agents
5.3 Improvements in Nanoparticles for Enhanced Permeability and Retention (EPR) Effects for Delivery of Bioactive Agents
5.3.1 Nanoparticle Improvements for Permeating Cell-Cell Barriers
5.3.2 Nanoparticle Improvements to Overcome Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
5.3.3 Nanoparticle Improvements to Overcome Macrophage-Mediated Immune Clearance
5.4 Strategic Improvement of Drug Delivery Systems
5.4.1 Liposome-Based Drug Delivery
5.4.2 Virosome-Based Drug Delivery
5.4.3 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Based Drug Delivery
5.4.4 Dendrimer-Based Drug Delivery
5.4.5 Nano-emulsion-Based Drug Delivery
5.4.6 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (MSNP) Based Drug Delivery
5.5 Conclusion
References
6: Nanotechnology and Its Applications in Molecular Detection
6.1 Nanotechnology and Molecular Detection: Importance of Nanotechnology in Molecular Detection
6.2 Applications
6.2.1 Nanotechnology on a Chip
6.2.1.1 Microfluidic Chips for Nanolitre Volumes: Nanochip
6.2.1.2 Optical Readout of Nanoparticle Labels
6.2.1.3 Nanoarrays
6.2.1.4 Protein Nanoarrays
6.2.2 Nanoparticle Technology
6.2.2.1 Gold Particles
Introduction
Synthesis of AuNps
Properties of AuNPs
Applications of AuNPs
6.2.2.2 Nanoparticle Probes
6.2.2.3 Nanobarcodes
6.2.2.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles: Ferrofluid
6.2.2.5 Quantum Dot Technology
6.2.3 Other Nanoparticles
6.2.3.1 Nanowires
6.2.3.2 Cantilever Arrays
6.2.3.3 DNA Nanomachines for Molecular Detection
6.2.3.4 Nanopore Technology
6.2.3.5 Nanosensors
6.2.3.6 Resonance Light Scattering (RLS) Technology
6.3 Conclusion
References
7: Challenges and Future Prospect of Nanoparticles in Tissue Engineering
7.1 Nanobiomaterials and Tissue Engineering
7.2 Challenges with Nanoparticles for Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering
7.3 Bone Tissue Engineering
7.4 Orthopedic Implants
7.5 Challenges in Surface Modification of Orthopedic Implants Using Nanobiomaterials and Tissue Engineering
7.6 Nanobiomaterials for Orthopedic and Dental Implants
7.7 Nano-bioceramic Coating Methods for Tissue Engineering Applications
7.8 Future Aspects of Tissue Engineering
References