Application of Microbes in Environmental and Microbial Biotechnology

Contents
About the Editors
1: Application of Endophyte Microbes for Production of Secondary Metabolites
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Origin and Evolution of Endophytes
1.3 Endophyte Diversity
1.4 Close Relationship Between Endophytes and Medicinal Herbs
1.5 Endophytes and Secondary Metabolites
1.6 Terpenoids
1.7 Phenolics
1.8 Flavonoids
1.9 Alkaloids
1.10 Glycosides
1.11 Saponins
1.12 Polyketides
1.13 Coumarins
1.14 Steroids
1.15 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
2: Application of Microbes in Synthesis of Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Basics of Supercapacitors
2.1.2 Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors
2.1.3 Why Microbes in Energy Storage Devices?
2.2 Different Microbes Commonly Used in EES
2.2.1 Bacteria
What so Special About Bacterial Cellulose?
2.2.2 Viruses
2.2.3 Fungi
2.3 Microbes as Bio-templates for Energy Storage Materials
2.3.1 Bacteria as Bio-templates
2.3.2 Fungi as Bio-templates
2.3.3 Viruses as Bio-templates
2.4 Microbe-Based Carbon Materials as Supporting Matrix
2.5 Microbe-Derived Carbons for Energy Storage Applications
2.5.1 Bacteria-Derived Carbons for Energy storage applications
2.5.2 Fungi-Derived Carbons for Energy Storage Applications
2.5.3 Microbe-Derived Carbon-Based Nanocomposites as Energy Storage Materials
2.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
3: Application of Microbes in Climate-Resilient Crops
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Heat Stress Tolerance
3.3 Cold Stress Tolerance
3.4 Submergence Stress Tolerance
3.5 Salinity and Drought Stress Tolerance
3.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
4: Application of Microbes in Biotechnology, Industry, and Medical Field
4.1 Overview of Microorganisms
4.1.1 Prokaryotic Microorganisms
Bacteria
Archaea
4.1.2 Eukaryotic Microorganisms
Protist
Fungi
Virus
4.2 Principles
4.2.1 Screening for Microbial Products
Screening Methods
4.2.2 Microbial Bioprocess
Optimization
Sustainable Technologies
4.2.3 Enzymology
4.2.4 Gene Manipulation
Recombinant DNA Technology
4.3 Applications
4.3.1 Industry
Food-Fermented Foods
Improvement of Food Quality
Improvement Efficiency and Productivity of Process
Food Additives
Agroindustry
Pest in Crops
Crop Yield and Product Quality
Construction
Chemical Industry
Cleaning
Bioremediation
Chemical-Based Cleaning Products
4.3.2 Environment
Wastewater Treatment
Solid Hazardous Treatment
Composting
Anaerobic Digestion
Metal Recovery
Microbial Biofuels
Biomethanol
Bioethanol
Butanol
Biodiesel
Medical Biotechnology
4.4 Conclusions
References
5: Applications of Microbes for Energy
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Microbes for Energy Applications
5.2.1 Microbes for Fuel Cells
5.2.2 Microbes for Hydrogen Production
5.2.3 Microbes for Methane Production
5.2.4 Microbes for Ethanol Production
5.2.5 Microbes for Biodiesel Production
5.2.6 Microbes for Electrosynthesis
5.2.7 Microbes for Energy Storage
5.3 Conclusion and Future Remarks
References
6: Applications of Microbes in Electric Generation
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Different BFC Types
6.2.1 DET-BFC
6.2.2 MET-BFC
6.2.3 EBFC
6.2.4 MFC
6.3 Electrocatalytic Nanomaterials for EBFC
6.3.1 Carbon Materials
6.3.2 Metal Nanoparticles
6.3.3 Composite Materials
6.4 Electrocatalytic Nanomaterials for MFC
6.4.1 Electrocatalytic Nanomaterials for MFC Anode
Carbon Nanomaterials
Metal Nanomaterials
Conductive Polymers
6.4.2 Electrocatalytic Nanomaterials for MFC Cathode
Noble Metal-Based Materials
Non-noble Metal-Based Materials
6.5 Summary and Prospect
References
7: Application of Microbes in Household Products
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Household Products
7.2.1 Cleaning Product
7.2.2 Cosmeceutical
7.2.3 Textiles
7.2.4 Others
7.3 Benefits and Challenges
7.4 Conclusion
References
8: Electricity Generation and Wastewater Treatment with Membrane-Less Microbial Fuel Cell
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Electricity Generation
8.2.1 Anode and Cathode Electrodes
Cathode Electrode
Anode Electrode
8.2.2 Effect of Operating Temperature
8.2.3 Effect of pH
8.2.4 Effect of Substrate Pretreatment
8.2.5 Effect of Reactor Design
8.2.6 Effect of Electrode Surface Area and Electrode Spacing
8.2.7 Effect of Substrate Conductivity
8.3 Water Treatment (Substrate)
8.4 Conclusion
References
9: Microbes: Applications for Power Generation
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Reduction of the Environmental and Air Pollution
9.2.1 Natural Aerosols from Vegetation
9.2.2 Landfill Gas
9.2.3 Biogas
Using Leachate of the Waste
9.2.4 Biodiesel
9.2.5 Bioethanol
Using Celluloses
Using Starch
Using Sugar
9.2.6 Sewer
9.3 Energy Efficiency
9.3.1 Microorganisms
9.3.2 Microbial Fuel Cells
Using Natural Fermentation
Using Biomass
Using Domestic Wastewater
Using Industrial Wastewater
Using Sewage
Using Crop Residue
Using Mud
Using Biogas Slurry
9.3.3 Newer Microbial Fuel Cells
Using Electronophore (Traditional)
Using Biochar (Latest)
9.3.4 Biogas
Using Sewage
Using Animal Waste
Using Animal Manure
9.3.5 Biohydrogen
9.4 Availability
9.4.1 Biomass
9.5 Clean Energy
9.5.1 Algae
9.5.2 Microbial Biophotovoltaic Cells
Using Algae
Using Cyanobacteria
Using Plant Rhizodeposition
9.6 Sustainability
9.6.1 Biomass
Crop Residue
9.6.2 Camphor
9.7 Conclusion
9.8 Future Approach
References
10: Applications of Microbes in Food Industry
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Applications of Microorganisms in Food Industry
10.2.1 Baking Industry Applications
10.2.2 Alcohol and Beverage Industry Applications
10.2.3 Enzyme Production and Its Applications
10.2.4 Production of Amino Acids
10.2.5 Microbial Detergents as Food Stain Removers
10.2.6 Dairy Industry Applications
10.2.7 Pigment Production
10.2.8 Organic Acid Production
10.2.9 Aroma and Flavouring Agents Production
10.2.10 Miscellaneous Applications
Xanthan Gum Production
Ripening Process
Food Grade Paper Production
Single-Cell Protein
Applications in Other Foods
10.3 Summary
References
11: Applications of Microbes in Human Health
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Human Microbiome
11.3 Probiotics
11.4 Properties of Probiotics
11.5 Probiotics Mechanism of Action
11.6 Oral Probiotics
11.6.1 Probiotics in Preventing Dental Caries Progression
11.6.2 Probiotics in Prevention of Gingival Inflammation
11.6.3 Probiotics in Prevention of Periodontal Diseases
11.7 Probiotics in Halitosis
11.7.1 Probiotics in Oral Mucositis
11.7.2 Benefits of Probiotics in General Health
11.7.3 Anti-Inflammatory Property
11.8 Antimicrobial Properties
11.9 Antioxidant Properties
11.10 Anticancer Properties
11.10.1 Probiotics in Treatment of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
11.10.2 Probiotics in Treatment of Urogenital Infections
11.10.3 Probiotics in Improvement of Intestinal Health
11.10.4 Probiotics in Treatment of Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy Induced Diarrhea
11.10.5 Probiotics in Treatment of Anemia
11.11 Treatment and Prevention of Obesity
11.12 Probiotics as Immunomodulator
11.13 Conclusion
References
12: Applications of Microbes in Soil Health Maintenance for Agricultural Applications
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Microbial Sources
12.2.1 Microalgae and Cyanobacteria
12.2.2 Fungi
12.2.3 Bacteria
12.3 Applications of Microbes
12.3.1 Plant Growth Regulators
12.3.2 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
12.3.3 Biotic Elicitors
12.3.4 Bioremediation
12.3.5 Biocontrol
12.3.6 Different Types of Microbes
12.4 Healthy Soil and Eco-Friendly Environment
12.4.1 Biofertilizers
12.4.2 Biopesticides
12.4.3 Bioherbicides
12.4.4 Bioinsecticides
12.5 Microbiome and Sustainable Agriculture
12.5.1 Benefits of Mycorrhizal Fungi
12.5.2 Soil and Environmental Health
12.6 Conclusion
References
13: Co-functional Activity of Microalgae: Biological Wastewater Treatment and Bio-fuel Production
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Wastewater Treatment Using Microalgae
13.2.1 Wastewater Composition
13.2.2 Nutrient Removal
Influence of Additives in Wastewater on Nutrient Removal by Microalgae
13.2.3 Heavy Metal Removal
13.3 Microalgae Cultivation and Harvesting
13.3.1 Open Ponds
13.3.2 Closed System (Photobioreactor PBRs)
13.3.3 Hybrid System
13.3.4 Harvesting Techniques
13.4 Bio-refinery
13.5 Bio-fuel Production Using Microalgae
13.5.1 Thermochemical Conversion
13.5.2 Biochemical Conversion/Fermentation
13.5.3 Chemical Reaction/Transesterification
13.5.4 Direct Combustion
13.6 Sustainability of Energy from Microalgae
13.7 Conclusions
References
14: Microalgae Application in Chemicals, Enzymes, and Bioactive Molecules
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Microalgae-Based Products
14.2.1 Chemical Products
14.2.2 Bioactive Molecules
14.3 Microalgae Enzymes
14.4 Industrial Applications of Microalgae
14.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
15: Microbes for the Synthesis of Chitin from Shrimp Shell Wastes
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Economic Aspects of Chitin
15.3 Chitin Structure and their Properties
15.4 Chemical Methods in the Extraction of Chitin
15.4.1 Chemical Demineralization
15.4.2 Chemical Deproteination
15.4.3 Depigmentation
15.5 Microbial Action on Shrimp Shells for Chitin Recovery
15.5.1 Lactic Acid Bacteria
15.5.2 Non-lactic Acid Bacteria
15.6 Other Green Methods for Chitin Synthesis
15.7 Functional Aspects of Chitin
15.8 Conclusion
References
16: Microbes-Surfaces Interactions
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Relevance
16.2.1 Biofouling
16.2.2 Biofilms
16.2.3 Infection of Plants and Animals
16.2.4 Plant Decay
16.2.5 Machinery
16.2.6 Mineral Weathering
16.2.7 Mineralization
16.2.8 Microbial Interactions
16.2.9 Biomedical Devices
16.3 Adhesion of Microbes to the Surface
16.3.1 Clay-Humus-Microbes Interactions
16.3.2 Plant-Microbe Interactions
Nitrogen-Fixing Symbioses
Legume-Rhizobia Symbioses
Defensive Symbioses
16.3.3 Animal-Microbe Interactions
16.3.4 Microbe-Microbe Interactions
16.4 Interaction in Attached and Unattached Forms
16.5 Effect of Environmental Factors
16.5.1 pH
16.5.2 Temperature
16.5.3 Adhesiveness of Biofilms
16.5.4 Extreme Environments
16.6 Surface Modifications to Manage Microbe-Surface Interactions
16.7 Microbe-Materials Interaction
16.7.1 Promote Healing
16.7.2 Food Storage and Processing
16.7.3 Self-Defensive Coatings
16.8 Conclusions
References
17: Microbial Activities and their Importance in Crop Production
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Status of Agriculture in India
17.2.1 Kharif Crops
17.2.2 Rabi Crops
17.3 Required Nutrients
17.3.1 Basic Element
17.3.2 Essential Nutrients
17.3.3 Substances
Sulfur
Calcium
Magnesium
17.3.4 Microbial Elements
Iron
Zinc
Copper
Boron
Molybdenum
17.4 Microorganisms Versus Sustainable Plant Growth
17.4.1 Plant Growth Promotion
17.4.2 Control of Plant Diseases
17.4.3 Accelerates Use of Available Resources
17.4.4 Seed Treatment
17.4.5 Balancing Soil Ecology
17.4.6 Improved Plant Nutrient Availability
17.4.7 Biological Nitrogen Fixation
Symbiotic
Non-Symbiotic
Aerobic Bacteria
Anaerobic Bacteria
Photosynthetic Bacteria
Chemosynthetic Bacteria
Ammonification
Nitrification
Blue Green Algae by Indigo Green Algae
17.5 Factors Preventing Crop Growth
17.5.1 Improper and Unbalanced Use of Chemical Fertilizers
17.5.2 Faulty Irrigation System
17.5.3 Improper and Excessive Exploitation of Intensive Cropping System
17.5.4 Increased Use of Agricultural Chemicals in Farming
17.5.5 Low Quality Irrigation Water
17.5.6 Low Use of Organic Fertilizers
17.5.7 Declining Level of Agricultural Land
17.6 Microorganism and their Use
17.6.1 Bacteria
Bacillus thuringiensis
17.6.2 Virus
Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus
17.6.3 Fungus
Numeria Rileyi
17.7 Precautions in the Use of Microorganisms
17.8 Conclusion
References
18: Potential Application of Agriculturally Promising Microorganisms for Sustainable Crop Production and Protection
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Function of Microbes that Promote Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms (PGPMs) for Promoting Sustained Cultivation
18.3 Biofertilizers
18.3.1 Microorganisms Fixing Atmospheric Nitrogen
18.3.2 Microorganisms Actively Involved in Solubilization and Mineralization of Phosphate
18.3.3 Microbes Concerned with Hydrolyzation of Zinc
18.3.4 Microorganisms Solubilizing Potassium (K)
18.3.5 Microorganisms Sequestering Iron
18.3.6 Mycorrhizal Collaboration
18.3.7 Trichoderma Species
18.3.8 Prominence of Certain Microorganisms as Biofertilizers and Phytostimulators
18.4 Biopesticides or Microbial Pesticides
18.4.1 Bacillus thuringiensis
18.4.2 Entomopathogenic Microorganisms as Biopesticides
18.4.3 Alternative Diverse Microorganisms
18.4.4 Use of Non-infectious Microorganisms
18.5 Microbial Organisms Used in Abiotic Stress Alleviation
18.6 Contribution of Biotechnology to Improve Crop Yields in Agriculture
18.6.1 Production of Potent Microbial Strains to Generate Effective Biofertilizers Via Genetic Engineering Approach
18.6.2 Development of Genetically Engineered Transgenic Azotobacter vinelandii as an Important Biofertilizer of Diazotrophs
18.6.3 Development of Genetically Engineered Strains of Azospirillum to Secrete Higher Levels of Phytohormones
18.6.4 Development of Genetically Altered Pseudomonas fluorescens Strains with Binary Biocontrol Functions
18.6.5 Improvement of Rhizobium Bacterial Strains through Genetic Manipulation to Enhance their Competency
18.6.6 Influence of Genetically Engineered Rhizobium Bacterial Strains on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungi
18.6.7 Exploitation of Genetically Modified Rhizobium for Field Experiments
18.7 Conclusion
References
19: Application of Microbes in Bioremediation of Pesticides
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Microorganisms Utilised for Removal and Degradation of Pesticides
19.3 Bioremediation
19.3.1 In Situ Bioremediation
19.3.2 Ex Situ Bioremediation
19.4 Microorganisms Assisted Degradation of Pesticides
19.4.1 Bacterial-Assisted Biodegradation
19.4.2 Fungi-Assisted Biodegradation
19.4.3 Enzymatic-Assisted Biodegradation
19.5 Advanced Mechanism and Biotechnological Approach for Pesticide Bioremediation
19.5.1 Genetic Engineering
19.5.2 Metagenomic Approach
19.5.3 Functional Genomics
19.6 Conclusions and Prospects
References
20: Application of Microbes in Vaccine Production
20.1 Introduction
20.2 History of Vaccine Development
20.2.1 Live Attenuated Vaccines
20.2.2 Killed but Metabolically Active Whole Organism Vaccines
20.2.3 Purified Proteins and Polysaccharides Vaccine
20.2.4 Genetically Engineered and Vectored Vaccine
20.3 Recent Strategies of Vaccine Production to Combat Emerging Diseases
20.4 Conclusion
References
21: Applications of Microbes in Municipal Solid Waste Treatment
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Municipal Solid Waste: Production, Composition, and Characteristics
21.2.1 Production of Municipal Solid Waste
21.2.2 Composition and Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste
21.3 Applications of Microbes in Composting of MSW
21.3.1 Production of Different Enzymes for MSW Degradation
21.3.2 Improved the Environmental Parameters of MSW Composting
21.3.3 Reduced the MSW Composting Period
21.3.4 Improved Humification During MSW Composting
21.3.5 Reduce the Odorous Emissions by Biofilter
21.4 Applications of Microbes in Anaerobic Digestion of MSW
21.4.1 Increasing Methane Production During MSW Anaerobic Treatment
21.4.2 Improving the Hydrolysis Rate of MSW
21.4.3 Shorten the Start-up Time
21.5 Conclusion
References
22: Applications of Waste Decomposer in Plant Health Protection, Crop Productivity and Soil Health Management
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Mass Multiplication and Composition of Waste Decomposer Solution
22.3 Unique and Important Characteristics of Waste Decomposer (Chandra and Kanojia 2018)
22.4 Applications of Waste Decomposer in Agriculture
22.4.1 In Situ Composting of Crop Residues
22.5 Quick Composting of Organic Wastes
22.6 Plant Health Protection
22.6.1 Foliar Spray
22.6.2 Seed Dressing
22.6.3 Drip Irrigation/Fertigation/Microbigation
22.7 Crop Productivity
22.8 Soil Health Management
22.8.1 Other Applications
22.9 Conclusions
References
23: Environmental Sulfate-Reducing Microorganisms
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria (SRB)
23.2.1 Sites of SRB Isolation
23.3 Classification of Sulfate-Reducing Microorganisms
23.3.1 Phylogeny
23.3.2 SRB Metabolic Activity
23.3.3 Mechanism of Sulfate Reduction
23.3.4 Impact of SRB in the Environment
23.3.5 Acid Mine Drainage (AMD)
23.3.6 Bio-Precipitation of Metals
23.3.7 Organic Matter Degradation
Dimethyl Sulfide
Aromatic, Nitroaromatic, and Toxic Organic Compounds
Halogenated Organic Compounds
Degradation of Hydrocarbons
Lignocellulosic Material Degradation
23.3.8 Metal Corrosion
23.4 Application of SRB Technology
23.5 Conclusion
References
24: Application of Microbes in Biogas Production
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Historical Overview
24.3 Importance of Biogas
24.4 Commonly Used Substrates for Biogas Production
24.5 Application of Microbes in Biogas Production
24.5.1 Decomposition
Anaerobic Decomposition
Aerobic Decomposition
24.5.2 The Biochemical Process of Biogas Production
Hydrolysis
Acidogenesis
Acetogenesis
Methanogenesis
24.5.3 Parameters Influencing Microbial Growth and Biogas Yield
Anaerobic Digestion Parameters
Operational Parameters
24.6 Current Trends in Biogas Production
24.7 Challenges, Approaches, and Enhancement Techniques
24.7.1 A Gap between Biotech and Commercialization Research
24.7.2 Biogas Future in a Green/Circular Economy
24.7.3 Pretreatment Techniques to Enhance Biogas Production
Chemical Pretreatment
Physical Pretreatment
Biological Pretreatment
24.7.4 Genetic Engineering
24.7.5 Bioaugmentation
24.8 Conclusion
References
25: Applications of Microbes in Antibiotics
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Antibiotics
25.2.1 Soil Microorganisms and Antibiotic Production
25.3 The History of Antibiotics
25.3.1 Antibiotics Produced by Actinomycetes
25.3.2 Antibiotics Produced by Bacillus Species
25.3.3 Antibiotics Produced by Fungi
25.4 Biochemical and Genetic Aspects of Antibiotic Production
25.5 Application of Microbes in Industrial Antibiotic Production
25.5.1 Fermentation
25.6 Future Aspects and Recent Advancement
25.7 Conclusion
References
26: Applications of Microbes in Fuel Generation
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Development of Biofuels
26.3 Applications
26.3.1 Biofuel Production from Brown Macroalgae
26.3.2 Metabolic Engineering to Upscale Biofuel Production
26.3.3 Bioelectricity and Biohydrogen Production
26.3.4 Microbial Bioenergy Production
26.3.5 Solar-to-Chemical and Fuel Production
26.3.6 Microorganisms in Bioethanol and Biobutanol Production
26.4 Future Outlook
26.5 Conclusions
References