This book provides a concise overview of the Apocynaceae plant family, focusing on its morphology, diversity, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and biological activities. It explores biotechnological advances in large-scale production of therapeutic bioactive compounds and conservation efforts using plant tissue culture.
The family Apocynaceae is one of the largest and important families in angiosperm, with several members having medicinal properties used to treat various ailments. Most of them are consumed as food by tribal people, while a few plants are used as a source of poison, insecticides, gum, and many other important products. Members of this family are rich in alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, glycosides, simple phenols, lactones and hydrocarbons. Other compounds such as sterols, lignans, and sugars have also been systematically studied. Extracts and isolated compounds from Apocynaceae members exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities. Notable plants like Holarrhena antidysenterica, Rauvolfia serpentina, Carissa carandas, and Tabernaemontana divaricata have been extensively researched. The family presents a diverse range of bioactive compounds with medicinal and pharmacological properties, holding promise for future applications.
The book also covers endophytic microorganisms with their diversity, biological activities in Apocynaceae plants. It also highlights the role of endophytes in conservation of Apocynaceae plants. By identifying existing knowledge gaps, it aims to inspire further research in the field, making it a valuable resource for students and researchers in Life Sciences, agriculture, medicine, and pharmaceutical sciences.
Author(s): Ravindra H. Patil; Mohini P. Patil; Vijay L. Maheshwari
Edition: 1
Publisher: Springer Nature Singapore
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: xviii; 263
City: Singapore
Tags: Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biotechnology; Plant Breeding/Biotechnology; Biology--Botany--Plants; Ethnobotany; Phytochemistry; Bioactivity
Preface
Contents
About the Authors
Chapter 1: Morphology, Ecology, Taxonomy, Diversity, Habitat and Geographical Distribution of the Apocynaceae Family
Introduction
Geographical Distribution
Habitat
General Characteristics of the Apocynaceae Family
Vegetative Characteristics
Floral Characteristics
General Outline of the Classification of the Family Apocynaceae
Major Genera and Species
Economic Importance
Ethnomedical Considerations
References
Chapter 2: Traditional Knowledge, Ethnomedicinal Importance and Practical Uses of Apocynaceae Members
Introduction
Plant Metabolites in Modern Medicine
Ethnomedical Uses of Some Members of the Family Apocynaceae
References
Chapter 3: Plant Secondary Metabolites as a Source of New Drugs
Introduction
Global Outlook of Communicable and Noncommunicable Diseases
Communicable Diseases
Noncommunicable Diseases
Need for New and Effective Drugs
Natural Products as a Potential Source for New Metabolites
Secondary Metabolites from Natural Sources
Soil
Marine Habitats
Insects
Plants: A Potential Source of Microbial Communities
Secondary Metabolites of Commercial Importance
References
Chapter 4: Extraction and Isolation of Secondary Metabolites from Apocynaceae Plants
Introduction
Collection of Plant Material
Extraction of Plant Material
Activity-Guided Fractionation for Isolation of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites
Advantages of Activity-Guided Fractionation
References
Chapter 5: Phytochemical Screening and Chemical Characterization of the Bioactive Metabolites
Introduction
Phytochemical Screening Methods
Tests for Proteins
Biuret Test
Million´s Test
Ninhydrin Test
Xanthoproteic Test
Test for Carbohydrates
Molish Test
Fehling Test
Benedict´s Test
The Tannic Acid Test for Starch
Test for Alkaloids
Mayer´s Test
Wagner´s Test
Dragendorff´s Test
Hager´s Test
Test for Flavonoids
Shinoda Test
Zinc Hydrochloride Test
Test for Glycosides
Borntrager´s Test
Keller-Killiani Test
Legals Test
Test for Steroids and Triterpenoids
Salkowoski Test
Libermann Burchard´s Test
Test for Saponins
Froth Formation Test
Test for Tannins
Ferric Chloride Test
Skin Test for Gold Beater
Gelatin´s Test
Total Phenolics and Flavonoids
Preliminary Phytochemical Characters of Different Extracts of Some Members of the Family Apocynaceae (C. carandas and T. divar...
Chromatographic Separation of Compounds from a Mixture or Extracts
Application of TLC and HPTLC in the Separation of Plant Extracts
Column Chromatography
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
References
Chapter 6: Identification of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites of Apocynaceae Members
Introduction
UV-Visible Spectroscopy
Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
Mass Spectrometry
Hyphenated Techniques in Phytoconstituent Identification
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
Practical Approaches for GC-HRMS Characterization of Extracts of C. Procera
Practical Approaches for GC-HRMS Characterization of Extracts of C. Carandas
References
Chapter 7: Phytochemistry of Apocynaceae Members
Introduction
Phytochemistry
Alkaloids
Flavonoids
Terpenes
Glycosides
Sterols
References
Chapter 8: Biological and Pharmacological Properties of Apocynaceae Members
Introduction
Antioxidant Activity
Anti-Inflammatory/Analgesic Activity
Anticancer/Cytotoxic Activity
Cardioprotective Activity
Antidiabetic Activity
Antimalarial Activity
References
Chapter 9: Agricultural Importance of Apocynaceae Members: Insecticidal Properties
Introduction
Insects and Pests
Insects and Agricultural Losses
Traditional Pest Control Methods and their Drawbacks
Botanicals as Pesticides: An Overview
Plants of the Apocynaceae Family as Bioresources for Pesticidal Molecules
General Procedure Isolation of Insecticidal Metabolites(S) from Calotropis Procera
Insecticidal Metabolites from Apocynaceae Plants
Botanical Pesticides: A Way Forward
References
Chapter 10: Plant Tissue Culture-Based Approaches for the Production of Pharmaceutically Important Bioactive Compounds from Ap...
Introduction
Large-Scale Production of Plant Secondary Metabolites Using Callus and Cell Suspension Culture
Media for Callus and Cell Suspension Culture
Practical Approaches for Callus Induction in Apocynaceae Plants (T. divaricata and Seeds of C. carandas)
Sterilization of Explants
Cultural Conditions for Callus Induction
Inoculation and Maintenance of in Vitro Cultures
Subculture
Extraction of Phytochemicals from Callus Tissue
Cell Suspension Culture
Biological Activities of the Callus Extract
Hairy Root Culture
References
Chapter 11: Enzymes and Enzyme Inhibitors from Apocynaceae Plants
Introduction
Proteases
Amylases
Lipases
Latex Bearing Apocynaceae Members as an Important Source of Biomedical Enzymes
Enzyme/Protease Inhibitors from Apocynaceae Plants
Therapeutic Applications of PIs
α-Glucosidase Inhibitors (AGIs) for Diabetes Control
α-Amylase Inhibitors for Pest Control (α-AIs)
H+/K+-ATPase Inhibitors
Inhibitors of Other Enzymes of Biomedical Importance
References
Chapter 12: Endophytes in Apocynaceae Plants
Introduction
Plant Endophyte Interactions
Strategies for Metabolite Production Using Endophytic Microorganisms
Bioprocess Optimization for the Production of Active Metabolites
Screening of Bioactivities of the Crude Extracts and Isolated Compounds
Antimicrobial Compounds from Endophytic Microorganisms
Endophytic Metabolites with Antioxidant Potential
Anticancer Compounds
Other Activities of Endophyte-Derived Metabolites
Biotechnological Potential of Endophytes from Apocynaceae Plants
References
Chapter 13: Micropropagation-Based Conservation Strategies for Apocynaceae Plants
Introduction
Micropropagation Based Conservation of Apocynaceae Plants
Advantages of Micropropagation
Applications and Merits of Micropropagation Over Conventional Plant Breeding
In Vitro Propagation of Apocynaceae Members
Multiple Shoot Induction
In Vitro Rooting of Shoots
Stepwise Acclimatization (hardening) of In Vitro Raised Plantlets
References
Chapter 14: Practical Applications of Apocynaceae Plants in Nanotechnology
Introduction
Methods of Nanoparticle Synthesis
Physical Methods
Mechanical Attrition/Ball Milling
Pulsed Laser Ablation (PLA)
Chemical Vapour Deposition
Electrochemical Method
Chemical Methods
Sol-Gel Method
Chemical Precipitation
Biological Methods
Microorganism-Mediated Nanoparticle Synthesis
Plant-Mediated Synthesis Of Nanoparticles
Applications of Nanoparticles
Medical Applications
Antioxidant Activity
Anticancer Activity
Antimicrobial Activity
Applications in Biosensing
Applications in Catalysis
Characterization of Nanoparticles
Silver Nanoparticles
Copper Nanoparticles (CuNPs)
Biosynthesis of CuNPs Using Plant Extracts
Ferrous Nanoparticles
Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs)
Zinc Nanoparticles (ZnNPs)
Titanium Nanoparticles (TiNPs)
Practical Approaches for the Biosynthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Using Apocynaceae Plants
Characterization of Biosynthesized MNPs
UV-Visible Spectrophotometer
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX)
X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
Zeta Potential
Conclusion
References
