Antiviral and Antimicrobial Smart Coatings: Fundamentals and Applications

Front Matter
Copyright
Contributors
The world of microbes and its medical significance
Introduction
History of microbiology
Classification of bacteria
Strain development
Primary screening
Secondary screening of microorganisms
Testing the quality of novel antibiotics
Identification of microorganisms by biochemical tests
Host-pathogen interaction
Biofilm formation and associated diseases
Mechanism of biofilm formation
Diseases due to biofilm formation
Dental plaque
Corneal infections
Urinary tract infection
Medical implant diseases
Uses of bacterial biofilms
References
Biomaterials and biomimetics
Introduction
Methods or techniques used for the development of biomimetic surfaces or coatings
Electrophoretic deposition (EPD)
Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO)
Pulsed laser deposition (PLD)
Hydrothermal deposition
Electrospinning technique
Smart coatings
Antibacterial smart coatings
Antiviral smart coatings
Antifungal coatings
Recent advances in biomaterials and biomimetics
Outlook and conclusion
References
Further reading
Current scenario on the microbial world and associated diseases
Introduction
Impacts of bacteria on life
Common strategies of bacterial pathogens to cause infection
Adhesins
Host invasion
Collagenase
Spreading factor
Overcoming the immune system
Toxins
Quorum sensing
References
Growth of microbes and biofilm formation on various materials
Introduction
Surface characteristics features in feasible microbial adhesion
Differential charge on the surface
Surface wettability
Surface roughness
Surface topography
Surface stiffness
Perseverance of microbes on solid surfaces
Biofilm formation
Initiation of solid-liquid interface
Substratum compo sum
Conditioning film
Hydrodynamics
Aqueous medium milieu
Properties of the cell in biofilm formation
Biofilm structure
Mechanism of action of attachment to solid surfaces
Bacterial attachment
Growth of viruses on solid surfaces
Viral adsorption
References
Identification and culture test
Introduction
Staining techniques
Simple staining
Negative staining
Differential staining
Gram staining
Acid-fast staining
Albert staining
Different culture techniques
Methods of culture
Streak culture
Lawn or carpet culture
Stroke culture
Stab culture
Liquid culture
Pour-plate method
Spread-plate method
Types of culture media
Biochemical tests
Automated identification technique
MALDI-TOF
VITEK 2
Phoenix
MicroScan
Molecular methods
Molecular detection using PCR
Biofire Film Array
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification
Flow cytometry
Conclusions
References
Industrial backgrounds and microbes growth
Introduction
Biofilm formation
Reversible adherence
Irreversible adherence
Microcolony formation
Maturation
Dispersion
Biofilm resistance
Failure of antibiotics to penetrate biofilm
Oxygen gradients
Decreased growth rate
Persister cells
High rate of genetic material exchange
Extracellular DNA
Stress
Mutation
Quorum sensing
Efflux pumps and membrane protein
Human health and biofilms
Cystic fibrosis
Endocarditis
Periodontitis
Osteomyelitis
Rhinosinusitis
Infection in chronic wound
Medical device-related biofilm infections
Central venous catheters
Urinary catheters
Endotracheal tubes
Prosthetic joints
Pacemakers and heart valves
Contact lenses
Orthopedic implants
Biofilm formation in food-processing environments
Factors influencing biofilm formation in food industries
Properties of the attachment surface
Food matrix constituents
Properties of the microbial cells
Environmental conditions
Biofilm in food industries
Dairy industries
Fish processing industry
Poultry industry
Meat industry
Ready-to-eat (RTE) food industry
Control of biofilm formation in food industries
Microbiological corrosion
Common bacteria in MIC process
Sulfate-reducing bacteria
Metal-oxidizing bacteria
Iron-oxidizing bacteria (IOB)
Slime-forming bacteria
Acid-producing bacteria (APB)
Iron-reducing bacteria (IRB)
Methanogens
Oxygen-free MIC mechanisms
Extracellular electron transfer-MIC (EET-MIC)
Metabolite-MIC (M-MIC)
Biodegradation-MIC (BD-MIC)
MIC mechanisms in the presence of oxygen
MIC caused by metal-oxidizing bacteria
Oxygen concentration cell
Secretion of corrosive metabolites
Mitigation of biocorrosion
Biocides
d-Amino acids
Norspermidine
Chelators
Bacteriophage treatment
Control of biofilms and limiting their related complications
Physical control methods
Ultrasonication
Chemical control methods
Sodium hypochlorite
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
Ozone
Peracetic acid
Biological control methods
Enzymes
Protease
Polysaccharide-hydrolyzing enzymes
Deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I)
Lysostaphin
Lyase
Other enzymes
Limitation of enzymatic eradication of biofilms
Phages
Inhibitors of QS system
QS inhibition
Preventing the biosynthesis of the AHL signal molecules
Biodegradation or alteration of AHL signal molecule
Interfering via analog compounds
Suppressing alarmone scheme
Antibiofilm mechanism of nanoparticles
Silver nanoparticles
Zinc oxide nanoparticles
Titanium oxide nanoparticles
Copper oxide nanoparticles
Gold nanoparticles
Organic nanoparticles
Liposomes
Dendrimers
Disruption of the cell membrane by antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)
Antimicrobial lipids (AML) as biofilm inhibitors
References
Introduction of smart coatings in various directions
Introduction
Corrosion-resistant coatings
Self-cleaning coatings
Photocatalysis-assisted self-cleaning surface
Antiicing surfaces
Chromic-based smart coatings for textiles
Corrosion sensing coatings
Antigraffiti coatings
Antifouling coatings
Intumescent coatings
Antimicrobial coatings
Smart window coatings
Summary
References
Working principles of various smart coatings on microbes/virus growth
Introduction
What are smart coatings?
Why smart coatings?
Strategies used by smart coatings to combat microbes
Antiadhesive surfaces
Contact killing of adhered microbes
Drawback of contact-killing mechanism
Biocidal release mechanism
Physical strategies
Topographic modifications
Smart and synergistic antimicrobial coatings
Self-defensive antibacterial coatings
pH-responsive self-defensive antibacterial coatings
Bacteria-secreted substance-responsive self-defensive antibacterial coatings
Synergistic antibacterial coatings
Smart kill and release antibacterial coatings
Different materials used for smart coatings
Nanoparticles
Antimicrobial polymers
Metal ion- and oxide-based antimicrobial coatings
Application of smart coating
Conclusions and future work
References
Biomimetics in smart coatings
Introduction
Acknowledged biomimetics and their applications
The lotus effect-superhydrophobic-dust repellant
The shark's skin drag reduction and bioactive coatings
Structural color coating inspired by blue butterfly wings
Pitcher plant-inspired coating-Antifouling, natural cleaner
Moth eye-inspired optically active surface coating
Honeycomb-inspired superhydrophobic and robust coatings
Gecko-inspired reversible adhesive coatings
Cicada wings-self-cleaning and antibacterial surfaces
Recent developments
Color-changing film inspired by chameleon skin
Diamond-resembling carbon coatings
Slippery liquid-infused porous coating (SLIPS)-A special kind
Summary
References
Self-cleaning coating materials
Basics of self-cleaning surfaces (SCSs)
Self-cleaning surfaces from nature
Mechanism of wettability in hydrophobic surfaces
Young's equation
Cassie-Baxter model
Wenzel model
Recent advances in superhydrophobic coatings
Superhydrophobic coatings from natural waxes
Superhydrophobic coatings from proteins
Superhydrophobic coatings from fatty acids
Superhydrophobic coatings from cellulose and its derivatives
Approaches for growing durable self-cleaning surfaces
Dip-coating technique
Electrospray/electrospinning coating
Chemical etching
Applications of self-cleaning surfaces
Blood repellent
Solar cell and water harvesting
Fabrics and textiles
Antibacterial coatings
Anticorrosion
Medical industry
Antiicing protection
Antireflective and transparent coatings
Oil water sorption and separation
Conclusions
References
Antimicrobial coatings based on polymeric materials
Introduction
Antimicrobial polymer synthesis and coating fabrication strategies
Structurally modified polymers
Antimicrobial agent incorporated polymers
Applications of the antimicrobial polymer coatings
Antimicrobial polymer coatings in the food industry
Antimicrobial polymer coatings in textile industry
Antimicrobial polymer coatings in biomedical applications
Conclusions
References
Nano based technologies for antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral coatings
Introduction
Role of nanotechnology in smart coatings
Nanotechnology against COVID-19
An indispensable nanocoating
Nanomaterial in medicine
Nanotechnology in therapeutic and health-care applications
Nanotechnology for antibacterial coating
Physical vapor deposition (PVD) coating
Physical vapor deposition process and its principle
Plasma-assisted antibacterial coating
Process of deposition
Thermal evaporation (TE)
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
Sol-gel process
Biocidal sol-gel coating
Smart antibacterial coatings
Nanotechnology for antifungal coating
Layer-by-layer (LbL) technique
Antifungal edible coatings-on postharvest loss
Coatings vs films
Tablet coating
Advantages of tablet coating
Long-term antimicrobial device coatings
Nanotechnology for antiviral coating
Nanomaterials-Viral entry inhibitors
Metal nanoparticle-based antiviral strategies
Multimechanism antiviral nanomaterial-Graphene oxide
Applications: Antiviral coatings and materials
Coatings empower viricidal and antiviral properties
Antiviral polymer
Antiviral metal oxides/metal ions
Antiviral functional nanomaterials
Conclusion and future perspective
Acknowledgment
References
Further reading
Nanomaterial-based smart coatings as antimicrobials
Introduction
Strategies of antimicrobial coatings
Smart antimicrobial coatings: A bright perspective
Nanomaterials as antimicrobial coating
Smart coatings and stimuli
Some examples of smart antimicrobial coatings
Silver nanoparticles in smart coatings
Zinc nanoparticles in smart coatings
Titanium-based smart antimicrobial coatings
Chitosan-based smart antimicrobial coatings
Other nonmaterial-based smart antimicrobial coatings
Conclusions and future outlook
References
Hybrid antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral smart coatings
Introduction
Antibacterial coatings
Antifungal coatings
Antiviral coatings
Conclusions and future perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
Edible and food-safe antiviral and antimicrobial smart coatings
Introduction
Need for edible films and coatings
Importance of antimicrobial and antiviral coatings
Edible coatings and films
Protein-based edible films
Casein
Whey proteins (WP)
Gelatin-based films
Polysaccharide-based films
Cellulose and derivatives
Starch and derivatives
Chitosan and its derivatives
Alginates
Pectin
Lipids
Wax
Free fatty acids
Resins
Conclusions
Future perspectives
References
Plant extract-based antibacterial coating: An introduction
Introduction
Antibacterial/antimicrobial properties of plant extract
Plant-based edible coating having antimicrobial/antibacterial effect
Methods of extraction
Incorporation route
Conclusions
References
Bioengineered metal-based antimicrobial nanomaterials for surface coatings
Introduction
Green nanotechnology: An overview of bioengineering of metal-based nanomaterials
Green synthesis of nanomaterials using plants
Green synthesis of nanomaterials using fungi
Green synthesis of nanomaterials using bacteria
Green synthesis of nanomaterials using algae
Antimicrobial potential of green synthesized metal-based nanomaterials
Antimicrobial potential of green synthesized silver nanomaterials
Antimicrobial potential of green synthesized gold nanomaterials
Antimicrobial potential of green synthesized selenium nanomaterials
Antimicrobial potential of green synthesized copper nanomaterials
Antimicrobial potential of green synthesized zinc nanomaterials
Recent advances in green synthesized metal-based nanomaterials for surface coatings
Conclusions and future outlook
References
Green antibacterial and antifungal smart coating
Bacterial and bacterial contamination
Green metal nanoparticles
Antifungal properties of the coatings
Smart antibacterial coatings
Types of antibacterial coatings
Smart antibacterial and antifungal coatings for various applications
Medical devices
Health care and light activated
Textile
Food packaging
Smart antiadhesive coatings
References
Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles and its antibacterial study
Introduction
Classification of nanoparticles
Preparation of metal nanoparticles (MNPs)
Green synthesis of noble MNPs
Characterization of synthesized MNPs
Antibacterial test
Applications in MNPs in everyday life
Smart nanomaterials
Summary
References
Bioactivity prospection, antimicrobial, nutraceutical, and pharmacological potentialities of Carica papaya
Introduction
Nutraceutical potentialities of Carica papaya
Antimicrobial properties
Anthelmintic property
Bacteriostatic property
Antitrichomonal activity
Pharmaceutical properties
Anticancer activity
Antidiabetic activity
Antioxidant activity
Rejuvenation activity
Contraceptive activity
Renal activity
Effect on the gastrointestinal track
Immunity booster
Antimalarial activity
Antidengue agent
Obesity control
Sickle cell anemia
Heart diseases
Hepatoprotective activity
Challenges and concluding remarks
References
Index
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