Antimicrobial Resistance in Wastewater and Human Health

Title
Half title
Contents
Contributors
Copyright
Dedication
Foreword
Introduction
Preface
Acknowledgments
Biographies
Chapter 1 Commonly found bacteria and drug-resistant gene in wastewater
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Bacteria : An Overview
1.3 Wastewater characteristics
1.4 Bacterial population based on wastewater source
1.4.1 Domestic sewage
1.4.2 Industrial sewage
1.4.3 Hospital sewage
1.4.4 Agricultural sewage
1.4.5 Antibiotic resistant gene
1.5 Drug resistant gene
1.5.1 Tetracycline resistance genes
1.5.2 Mechanism of action
1.5.3 Beta-lactam resistant gene
1.5.4 Beta-lactamase
1.5.5 Quinoline resistant gene
1.5.6 Resistance due to chromosomal mutation
1.5.7 Antibiotic efflux
1.5.8 Resistance via mutations in plasmids
1.5.9 Macrolide resistant gene
1.5.10 Antibiotic alteration
1.5.11 Antibiotic efflux
1.5.12 Multidrug resistant gene
1.5.13 Mechanism of action
1.6 MDR effects
1.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Development and spread of drug resistance through wastewater
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Factors responsible for development of drug resistance
2.2 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Enrichment of drug resistance genes in human pathogenic bacteria showing antimicrobial resistance
3.1 Introduction
3.2 History
3.3 Pathogenic bacteria
3.4 Drugs against pathogenic bacteria
3.5 Drug resistance
3.6 Enzymatic modification and inactivation
3.7 Antibiotic target site alterations
3.8 Antibiotic efflux and change in the permeability of bacterial cell wall
3.9 Degradation of antibiotic drugs \(ABDs\)
3.10 Antibiotic resistance genes \(ABRs\)
3.11 Future perspectives
3.12 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 4 Direct reuse of wastewater: problem, challenge, and future direction
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Demand for water in the Asian nation
4.1.2 Factors influencing water reutilization
4.1.3 Challenges associated with the recycling of wastewater
4.2 Various sources of water supply and sanitation in India
4.3 Wastewater management and water audits
4.4 Various applications for wastewater treatment in India
4.4.1 Agricultural reutilization
4.4.2 Urban reutilization
4.4.3 Environmental/recreational reutilization
4.4.4 Industrial reutilization
4.4.5 Indirect and direct potable reutilization
4.4.6 Process industry reutilization
4.5 Various treatment systems used to treat wastewater
4.5.1 Sewage treatment plant \(STP\)
4.5.2 Faecal sludge treatment plant \(FSTP\)
4.5.3 Cotreatment or combined treatment
4.5.4 Thermal hydrolysis
4.5.5 Microbial fuel cells
4.5.6 Solar photocatalytic wastewater treatment
4.5.7 Natural techniques to treat wastewater
4.6 Prospects of wastewater reutilization
4.6.1 Technological and financial viability
4.6.2 Legal initiative
4.6.3 Market viability
4.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5 Wastewater treatment plant's tracking of resistant bacteria and gene in wastewater
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Necessity of wastewater treatment plants
5.2 Methodology required for the treatment of reclaimed water
5.2.1 Physical process
5.2.2 Biological process
5.3 Chemical process
5.4 Materials and methods
5.4.1 Sample collection
5.4.2 Media preparation
5.4.3 Instruments used
5.5 Antibiotic resistivity test
5.6 Mechanism of antibiotics during recycling of water
5.7 Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
5.8 Disruption of cell membrane function
5.9 Inhibition of protein synthesis
5.10 Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
5.11 Action of antimetabolites
5.12 Antibiotic resistance
5.12.1 Chemical alteration
5.12.2 Destruction of antibiotic molecule
5.13 Decreased antibiotic penetration
5.14 Efflux pump
5.15 Change of target sites
5.16 Modifications of target site
5.16.1 Resistance due to global adoption
5.17 Result and discussion
5.18 Discussion
5.18.1 Chapter deals with wastewater treatment plant's tracking of antibiotic resistant
5.19 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Techniques to stop spread and removal of resistance from wastewater
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Antibiotic resistance bacteria/superbugs
6.3 Antibiotic resistance genes \(ARGs\)
6.3.1 Origin of antibiotic resistance genes \(ARGs\)
6.3.2 Evolution of antibiotic resistance genes \(ARGs\)
6.3.3 Spread of antibiotic resistance genes \(ARGs\)
6.3.4 Consequences of antibiotic resistance genes \(ARGs\)
6.4 Mechanism of antibiotic resistance
6.4.1 Mutation and coselection
6.4.2 Horizontal gene transfer
6.5 Approaches to abate antibiotic resistance
6.5.1 Physical approach for removal of resistance
6.5.2 Chemical approach for removal of resistance
6.5.3 Biological approach for removal of resistance
6.6 Some broad steps in the antibiotic-resistance fight
6.6.1 Antimicrobial management
6.6.2 Research and advancement
6.6.3 Public consciousness
6.7 Conclusion
Research challenge and future perspectives
Declarations Acknowledgments
Author contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
Chapter 7 Do's and don'ts of wastewater treatment, their reuse, and future directions
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Wastewater generation
7.2.1 Wastewater generation status in different countries
7.2.2 Wastewater generation status in India
7.2.3 Wastewater reuse in different sectors
7.2.4 Permissible limits of pollutants
7.2.5 Energy production through wastewater
7.2.6 Precautions in the reuse of reclaimed water
7.3 Wastewater treatment
7.3.1 Do's and don'ts in primary treatment
7.3.2 Do's and don'ts in secondary treatment
7.3.3 Do's and don'ts in tertiary treatment
7.4 Wastewater reuse
7.4.1 Wastewater utilization status in different countries
7.4.2 Nutrients in fresh water and wastewater
7.4.3 Wastewater reuse in different sectors
7.4.4 Risks and challenges in recycling wastewater
7.4.5 Permissible limits of pollutants
7.4.6 Energy production through wastewater
7.4.7 Precautions in reuse of reclaimed water
7.5 Future directions
References
Chapter 8 Impact of waste treatment through genetic modification and reuse of treated water on human health
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Generation of waste and impact on human health
8.3 Waste treatment
8.3.1 Solid waste treatment
8.3.2 Water waste treatment
8.3.3 Classification of wastewater treatment processes
8.4 Genetically modified organisms
8.4.1 Genetically modified plants
8.4.2 Genetically modified microorganism
8.5 Reuse of treated wastewater
8.6 Future prospects
8.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Genetically engineered microorganism to degrade waste and produce biofuels and other useful products
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Development of genetically modified organisms \(GMO\)
9.2.1 By using molecular tools
9.2.2 By using recombinant DNA technology
9.2.3 Techniques to identify GMOs
9.3 Waste degradation by genetically modified microbes
9.3.1 Heavy metal degradation
9.3.2 Xenobiotic compounds degradation
9.3.3 Organic compounds degradation
9.3.4 Dye degradation
9.4 Conversion of biomass into value-added products
9.4.1 Biofuel production
9.4.2 Bioplastics production
9.4.3 Biopesticide production
9.4.4 Bioflocculant production
9.4.5 Biosurfactant production
9.4.6 Organic acids and chemicals production
9.5 Future prospects and conclusion
References
Chapter 10 Human health hazards due to antimicrobial resistance spread
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Antimicrobial resistance
10.2 Spread of antimicrobial resistance
10.2.1 From face to face
10.2.2 From animal to human
10.2.3 From food and water
10.2.4 From healthcare facilities
10.2.5 From travels and trade
10.3 Concern for microbial resistance
10.3.1 Global perspectives
10.3.2 Asian perspectives
10.3.3 Indian perspectives
10.4 Health hazards due to bacteria and fungi
10.4.1 Urgent threats
10.4.2 Serious threats
10.4.3 Concerning threat
10.4.4 Watch list
10.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Acquired knowledge and identified gaps in resistance and human health risk
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Unjustified use of antibiotics
11.3 Global picture of antibacterial resistance
11.3.1 Drug resistance in bacteria with special reference to mycobacterium tuberculosis
11.3.2 Drug resistance in virus
11.3.3 Drug resistance in malaria parasites
11.3.4 Drug resistance in fungi
11.4 Impact of drug resistance on human health
11.5 Strategies for its control
11.6 Future prospect
11.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 Assessment and monitoring of human health risk during wastewater reuse
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Hazard identification
12.2.1 Chemical hazards
12.2.2 Microbial hazards
12.3 Monitoring of human health hazards during wastewater reuse from various sources
12.4 Risk assessment in wastewater reuse
12.5 Strategies to minimize risks associated with wastewater reuse
12.6 Risks associated with wastewater reuse in COVID-19 pandemic
12.7 Conclusion
References
Index