Anthropogeomorphology: A Geospatial Technology Based Approach

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Disclaimer
Contents
Contributors
About the Editors
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Anthropogeomorphology and Geospatial Technology
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Interaction Between Geomorphology and Human
1.3 Role of Remote Sensing and GIS in Geomorphological Application
1.4 Anthropogenic Landform and Intervention of Geospatial Technology
1.4.1 Mining, Quarrying and Geomorphological Change and Application of Geospatial Technology
1.4.2 Riverine Geomorphology and Human Intervention and Application of Geospatial Technology
1.4.3 Coastal Geomorphology and Human Intervention and Application of Geospatial Technology
1.4.4 Human Intervention in Mountainous Region and Application of Geospatial Technology
1.4.5 Soil, Gully Erosion and Application of Geospatial Solution
1.4.6 Urban Geomorphology and Application of Geospatial Solution
1.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Braiding and Planform Pattern of Ganga
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Planform Pattern of the River
Sinuosity Ratio (SR)
Planform Index
2.2 Study Area and Data
2.3 Methodology
2.4 Results and Discussion
2.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: SWAT-Based Analysis of Ganga Water Availability at Farakka
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Materials and Methods
3.2.1 Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
3.2.2 Land Use and Land Cover
3.2.3 Soil Data
3.2.4 Meteorological Data
3.2.5 Model Setup
3.2.6 Surface Runoff Estimation
3.2.7 Calibration and Validation
3.2.8 Model Performance Evaluation
3.3 Result and Discussion
3.3.1 SWAT Model Performance
3.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Bank Erosion and Sediment Deposition in Teesta River: A Spatiotemporal Analysis
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Methodology and Data Sources
4.3 Results and Discussion
4.3.1 The Process of Erosion and Deposition
4.3.2 Spatiotemporal Analysis of Bank Erosion and Sediment Deposition
4.3.3 Erosion and Deposition in Nilphamari District
4.3.4 Erosion and Deposition in Rangpur District
4.3.5 Erosion and Deposition in Lalmonirhat District
4.3.6 Erosion and Deposition in Kurigram District
4.3.7 Erosion and Deposition in Gaibandha District
4.3.8 Comparison of Erosion and Deposition Among the Study Districts
4.4 Recommendations
4.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Remote Sensing and GIS Application in Flood Management: A Case Study of the Jiadhal River Basin of Dhemaji District...
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Study Area
5.3 Materials and Methodology
5.3.1 Land Use/Land Cover
5.3.2 Altitudinal Zones
5.3.3 Slope
5.3.4 Flow Accumulation
5.3.5 Drainage Network
5.3.6 Drainage Proximity
5.3.7 Geomorphological Units
5.4 Results
5.4.1 Flood Hazard Zones
5.4.2 Flood Management
5.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Geomorphic History and Analysis of Deterioration of Quaternary Red Sands of Visakhapatnam, East Coast of India
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Materials and Methods
6.3 Background of the Study Area
6.4 Results and Discussion
6.5 Human Intervention and Spatio-temporal Changes
6.6 Remedial Measures
6.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Recent Disturbances in the Geomorphic Processes Due to Human Interventions Along the West Coast of India
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Study Area
7.1.2 Oceanographic Condition in the Vicinity
7.2 Materials and Methods
7.2.1 Mapping Coastal Geomorphology
7.2.2 Shoreline Analysis
7.3 Results and Discussion
7.3.1 Coastal Geomorphology and Nearshore Landforms
7.3.2 Shoreline Analysis and Coastal Modification
7.3.3 Coastal Features and Coastal Stability
7.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8: River Dynamics of the Ganga and Its Tributaries in the Siwalik-Tarai Region of Haridwar District, Uttarakhand, India
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Materials and Methods
8.2.1 Area and Location
8.2.2 Geological Characteristics of the Study Area
8.2.3 Tectonic Setup of the Area
8.2.4 Geomorphological Characteristics of the Area
The Ganga Megafan Surface
River Valley Terrace Surface (T1)
Piedmont Fan Surface (PF)
Active Flood Plain Surface (T0)
8.3 Result and Discussion
8.3.1 Analysis of Channel Characteristics
Altitudinal Variation and River Dynamics
8.3.2 Aggrading Characteristics of the Ganga and Its tributaries
Impacts of Sedimentation on Channel Bars
Channel Forms in the Cross-Section of Ganga River
Channel Abandonment and Development of Stable Mid-Channel Bar in Ganga River
8.3.3 Shifting and Avulsion Nature of River Channels
Different Sites of Avulsion
Change Detection Study on Shifting and Avulsion of Ganga and Other Rivers
8.3.4 Observation of Flood-Induced Channel Avulsion
Variability of Water Discharge and Flooding Nature of the Rivers
Impact of the 2013 Flood on Channel Geomorphology
8.3.5 Anthropogenic Impacts on Ganga River Channel
8.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Tidal Mechanism and the Changing Fluvio-Geomorphological Environment of the Interfluves in Indian Indian Sundarbans...
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Objectives
9.3 Methodology
9.4 Background of the Study Area
9.4.1 Locational Significance of Sundarbans in India
Climate
Temperature
Rainfall
Relative Humidity
Wind Direction and Wind Velocity
9.5 Relief
9.6 Natural Calamities
9.7 Tidal Bores
9.8 Impact of Tides on the Fluvio-Geomorphological Environment in Indian Sundarbans
9.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Appraisal of the Variation of TSS and Turbidity on Fish Production in Mahanadi Delta Region Post Fani and Phailin ...
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Study Area
10.3 Data Source and Methodology
10.3.1 Retrieval Method of Total Suspended Solid Concentration
10.3.2 Retrieval Method of Turbidity
10.4 Results and Discussions
10.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Impact of Sand Mining on the Physical Health of the River and the Livelihood of the People: A Case Study of Umtyng...
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 River Health
11.2 Statement of the Problem
11.3 Objectives
11.4 Study Area
11.5 Materials and Methods
11.6 Results and Discussion
11.6.1 Types and Methods of Sand Mining
11.6.2 Quantity of Sand Extraction
11.6.3 Quantity of Sand Extracted in Two Mining Sites of the Area
11.7 Impact on River Health
11.8 Effects of Sand Mining on Livelihoods
11.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Assessment of Water Quality and Landscape Dynamics in Some Selected Pit Lakes of Andal Block, Paschim Bardhaman, W...
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Methodology
12.2.1 Description of the Study Area
12.2.2 Analysis of Physico-chemical Parameters
12.2.3 WQI Analysis
12.2.4 Method for Analysing the Evolution of Pit Lake
12.2.5 Scheme for Analysis of Land Use/Land Cover
12.3 Result and Discussion
12.3.1 Genesis and Evolution of Pit Lake
12.3.2 Land Use/Land Cover Change Analysis
12.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Utility of Low-Cost Geospatial Tools for Monitoring of Water Resources for Their Conservation and Optimum Manageme...
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Materials and Methods
13.3 Results and Discussion
13.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Modeling and Monitoring Soil Erosion by Water Using Remote Sensing Satellite Data and GIS
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Soil Erosion Factors and Processes
14.1.2 Factors Affecting Water Erosion
14.1.3 Soil Erosion Types
14.2 Remote Sensing
14.3 GIS Analysis
14.4 Soil Erosion Models
14.4.1 Empirical Models
14.4.2 Conceptual Models
14.4.3 Physical Process-Based Models
14.4.4 Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)
14.4.5 Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE)
14.4.6 Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE)
14.4.7 Revised Morgan, Morgan & Finney (MMF) Model
14.4.8 Soil & Water Assessment Tool (SWAT)
14.4.9 Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) Model
14.4.10 GeoWEPP
14.4.11 Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender (APEX)
14.4.12 Agricultural Non-Point Source (AGNPS)
14.5 Satellite Remote Sensing in Soil Erosion Assessment
14.5.1 Land Use/Land Cover
14.5.2 Topographic Information
14.5.3 Soil Information
14.5.4 Rainfall Information
14.6 Monitoring Soil Erosion with Remote Sensing
14.7 Case Study
14.7.1 Soil Erosion Risk Assessment in a Watershed Using the RUSLE Model
14.8 Simulating Climate Change Impact on Soil Erosion Using SWAT
14.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 15: Soil Erosion Assessment Using RUSLE Model in the Randigad Catchment in Northern India
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Study Area
15.3 Materials and Methods
15.3.1 Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
15.3.2 Rainfall Data
15.3.3 LISS IV Data
15.3.4 Soil Data
15.4 Methodology
15.4.1 Calculation of RUSLE Factor
Rainfall Erosivity Factor (R)
Soil Erodibilty Factor (K)
15.4.2 Slope Length and Steepness Factor (LS)
Crop Management Factor, C
Conservation Practices, P
15.5 Result and Discussion
15.5.1 Prioritisation of Micro-Watersheds
15.5.2 Assessment of Soil Erosion Risk with LULC
15.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Role of Geospatial Techniques in Soil Erosion Modelling in South Koel Basin, Jharkhand, India
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Case Study
16.2 Geographic Location
16.3 Data Sets and Methodology
16.3.1 Data Sets
16.3.2 Data Preparation
Rainfall Erosivity Factor (R)
16.3.3 Erodibility Factor (K)
16.3.4 LS Factor
16.3.5 C Factor Map
16.3.6 Practice Management Factor Map
16.4 Results and Discussion
16.4.1 R Factor Map
16.4.2 K Factor Map
16.4.3 LS Factor Map
16.4.4 C & P Issue Map
16.4.5 Soil Loss Map
16.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: A Multiple Criteria-Based Approach in Monitoring Soil Water Stress in Sonitpur District, Assam
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Materials and Methods
17.2.1 Study Area
17.2.2 Database
17.2.3 Methodology
17.3 Analysis
17.3.1 Rainfall Variability Analysis Using Different Indices
17.3.2 Quantification of Topographic Wetness Using DEM
17.3.3 Determination of Crop Water Stress
17.4 Results and Discussions
17.4.1 Examination of Annual Rainfall Peculiarity Using Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI)
17.4.2 Assessment of Drought Duration Using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)
17.4.3 Evaluation of Slope Inclination
17.4.4 Investigation of Relationship Among Topographic Wetness, Slope, and Soil Texture
17.4.5 Verification of TWI Values in Respect to Elevation
17.4.6 Examination of Crop Water Stress
17.4.7 Examining Seasonal Crop Water Stress Values with 30 Reference Points
17.4.8 Verification of Topographic Wetness with Seasonal Crop Water Stress Through Scatter Plots
17.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18: GIS-Supported Database Towards Transforming Monocropped Areas for Yearlong Cultivation in Paschim Medinipur, West ...
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Materials and Methods
18.2.1 Study Area
18.2.2 Data Sources
18.2.3 Details of Band Structure of the Experiment
18.2.4 Satellite Data and Image Processing Operation
18.2.5 Creation of AOI (Area of Interest) Layer and Subsets
18.2.6 Classification of Images
18.2.7 Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
18.3 Results and Discussion
18.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 19: Monitoring of Meteorological Drought Based on Rainfall Departure Using Remotely Sensed CHIRPS Precipitation Produc...
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Brief Description of the Study Area
19.2.1 Datasets and Methodology
CHIRPS-Based Rainfall Data
Calculation of Rainfall Departure from the Mean or Median
19.3 Results and Discussion
19.3.1 Comparison Between CHIRPS and Rain Gauge Observations
19.3.2 Spatial Distribution of Rainfall Departure Based on CHIRPS Rainfall
19.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 20: Fluvial Characteristics of Dwarka-Mayurakshi Plain Causing Flood in Kandi Block and Impacts of Manmade Embankments...
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Study Area
20.3 Background Problem
20.4 Objectives
20.5 Materials and Methods
20.5.1 RIDIT Analysis
20.6 Results and Discussions
20.6.1 Causes of Flood in the Study Area
20.6.2 Perception Regarding Impacts of Embankment
20.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 21: Object-Based Mapping and Modelling of Sundarban Mangrove Forests in India
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Study Area
21.3 Data and Methods
21.3.1 Data Collection
21.3.2 Data Processing
21.3.3 Techniques
21.3.4 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
21.3.5 Object-Based Classification
21.4 Data Analysis and Results
21.5 Discussion
21.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 22: Monitoring Land Use and Land Cover Analysis of the Barak Basin Using Geospatial Techniques
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Study Area
22.3 Materials and Methods
22.3.1 Data Used
22.3.2 Methodology
22.4 Results and Discussion
22.4.1 Land Use Classification
22.4.2 Overall Classification Accuracy and Kappa Statistics
22.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 23: Assessing the Efficiency of Classification Techniques Between SVM and ML for Detecting Land Transformation in Bhaw...
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Materials and Methods
23.2.1 Study Area
23.2.2 Imageries
23.2.3 Image Processing
23.2.4 Classification
23.2.5 Accuracy Assessment
23.2.6 Land Transformation Analysis
23.3 Results and Discussion
23.3.1 Land Cover Classification Assessment
23.3.2 Comparison of the Two Classification Algorithms
23.4 Discussion
23.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 24: Early Human Habitation and Environmental Adaptation in Central Tanzania in East Africa: An Archaeological and Geos...
24.1 Introduction
24.1.1 Sites with Evidence of Heavy-Duty Tool Complex
24.1.2 Sites with Evidence of Flake and Blade Tool Complex
24.1.3 Microlithic Tool Complex of Mesolithic Phase
24.1.4 Sites Rich in Ground Stone Tool Complex of Neolithic Period
24.1.5 Cultural Evidence from Iron Age Sites
24.2 Archaeology of Historical Period
24.3 Environment and Human Adaptation from the Earliest Time till Historical Period
24.4 Objective
24.5 Materials and Methods
24.5.1 Acquisition of Elevation Data and Terrain Analysis
24.6 Statistical Analysis
24.6.1 The Mann-Kendall Test
24.7 Results and Discussion
24.7.1 Rock Art in Central Tanzania
24.7.2 Sites, Environments and Ethnographic Present
Singida
24.8 Case Studies: Dodoma Region
24.8.1 Cultural Evidence: Flake and Blade Tools, Microliths and Ground Stone Industry
24.9 Ethnography
24.10 Case Studies Overview
24.11 Results of Application of Geospatial Techniques in the Case Study Areas
24.12 Conclusion
Appendix (Site Photos)
References
Chapter 25: Anthropogenic Interventions and Urban Hydro-Geomorphic Hazards in Kolkata, India
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Objectives and Methodology
25.3 The Hydro-geo-environmental History of Calcutta a.k.a. Kolkata
25.4 Urban Flooding and Drainage Congestion
25.5 Impacts of Urban Flooding
25.6 Surface Readjustments and Associated Hazards from Urban Renewal
25.7 Conclusions
25.7.1 Recommendation Towards a Geo-environmentally Sustainable City
References
Chapter 26: Monitoring Land Use/Cover Change and Urban Sprawl Using Remote Sensing Data: A Study of Siliguri and Raiganj Urban...
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Study Area
26.3 Materials and Methods
26.3.1 Image Classification and Change Detection
26.3.2 Accuracy Assessments
26.3.3 Identification of Urban Sprawls
26.4 Results and Discussion
26.4.1 LULC Change and Urban Dynamicity
Siliguri (UA)
Raiganj (UA)
26.4.2 Accuracy Assessment
26.4.3 Urban Sprawls
26.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 27: Geospatial Mapping of SPM Load Under Urban Industrial Set-up, Durgapur, West Bengal, India, Through Q-GIS Applicat...
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Materials and Methods
27.2.1 Selection of Study Sites and Sampling Procedure
27.2.2 SPM Measurement
27.2.3 Spatio-temporal Variation of SPM
27.2.4 Q-GIS Methodology
27.2.5 Statistical Analysis
27.3 Results and Discussion
27.3.1 Characterization of Meteorological Quality of Urban Atmosphere
27.3.2 Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)
27.3.3 Impacts of Particulate Matters (PMs) on Vegetation
27.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 28: Urban Expansion Around Kolkata: Evaluating Urbanogenic Interventions in New Town, Rajarhat
28.1 Backdrop
28.2 Literature Review
28.2.1 Framework Behind Systematic Urban Expansion
28.2.2 Outline of Urban Growth and Expansion: India
28.2.3 Contextualizing the Role of Humans in Landform Development: Germination of Anthropogeomorphology
28.2.4 Urbanization as a Prominent Anthropogenic Agent
28.3 New Town, Rajarhat: The Case in Point
28.4 Objectives
28.5 Materials and Methods
28.6 Seismic Vulnerability and the Superstructure
28.6.1 Structural Characteristics
28.6.2 Ground Reality for the Study Area
28.7 Human-Controlled Geo-Environment
28.7.1 Physical Attributes and Resultant Influence
28.7.2 Urban Geoforms and Associated Traits
28.8 Remotely Sensed ``Real World´´
28.8.1 Preparation of Land Use Land Cover Map
28.8.2 Change Detection
28.8.3 Shannon´s Entropy Analysis
28.8.4 Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI)
28.8.5 Hotspot Analysis
28.8.6 Identifying Urban Patches and Anticipating Trends
28.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 29: Seasonal Change Detection of Wetlands Using Remote Sensing and GIS
29.1 Introduction
29.1.1 Application of Space Technology in Monitoring Wetlands
29.1.2 Importance of Monitoring Wetlands
29.2 Materials and Methods
29.2.1 Study Area
29.2.2 Methodology
29.3 Results and Discussion
29.3.1 Classification Based on Indices
29.3.2 Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI)
29.3.3 Object-Based Image Analysis
29.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 30: Restoration and Conservation of Wetlands: A Geospatial Approach
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Materials and Methods
30.3 Results and Discussion
30.3.1 Problems
30.3.2 Management of Restoration
Soil Moisture Conservation
Tourism Development
Activities by Fishery Department
Livelihood Support for Women SHGs
Communication Education and Public Awareness (CEPA)
Weed Management
Deweeding
30.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 31: Tourism and Tribal Economy: Application of GIS Technology on Sundarbans Region
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Tourist Potential of the Sundarbans Area
31.3 Use of GIS Application on Tourism Planning
31.3.1 Research question formulation
31.4 Materials and Methods
31.5 Results and Discussion
31.5.1 Tribal Economy and Tourism
31.6 Distribution Pattern of Amenities
31.6.1 Identification of Preferred Accommodation
31.6.2 Visualization of Tourist Place and Heritage Bacon Bungalow
31.6.3 Identification of Route Direction Kolkata to STR
31.7 Future Plan for Sundarbans Tourism
31.8 Sustainable Tourism in Sundarbans
31.9 Major Findings
31.10 Conclusion
References
Index