Antennas for information super skyways: an exposition on outdoor and indoor wireless antennas

Team DDU......Page 1
EDITORIAL FOREWORD......Page 6
PREFACE......Page 8
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 14
Tablf of contents......Page 16
1.1 Introduction......Page 26
1.2.1 A historical perspective and state-of-the-art wireless systems......Page 29
1.2.2 Cellular wireless technology......Page 30
1.3 Wireless Networks......Page 35
1.3.1 Cellular voice networks......Page 36
1.3.2 Personal communication systems and networks......Page 38
1.3.3 Wireless data networks......Page 39
1.3.4 Wireless LAN......Page 40
1.3.5 The BluetoothTM......Page 42
1.3.6 Wireless ATM (WATM) networks......Page 44
1.4 Wireless Systems Other than Cellular Telephony......Page 49
1.5 Satellite-dependent Mobile Systems......Page 50
1.6 Impairments to Wireless Communication......Page 52
1.7 Whither Antennas for Wireless Communications?......Page 54
1.8 Closure......Page 56
References......Page 58
2.2.1 Electric field......Page 60
2.2.2 Electric current......Page 63
2.2.3 Dielectric media......Page 67
2.2.4 Magnetic field......Page 68
2.2.6 Wave equations......Page 72
2.2.7 Transmission-line theory......Page 78
2.3 Electromagnetic Theory......Page 86
2.3.1 Electromagnetic waves......Page 87
2.4 Boundary Conditions in the EM Field......Page 90
2.4.1 Boundary conditions in the vicinity of a current sheet......Page 91
2.4.2 Boundary conditions in the vicinity of infinitely thin linear current filaments......Page 93
2.6 Normal and Surface Impedance Concepts......Page 94
2.7 Transmission Line and Maxwell's Equations......Page 95
2.7.1 EM wave equation in dielectrics and conductors......Page 97
2.7.2 Solution of EM wave equation in Cartesian co-ordinates......Page 100
2.7.3 EM waves at the interface between conductors and dielectrics......Page 103
2.9 Concluding Remarks......Page 105
References......Page 106
Appendix 2.1 Vector Calculus and Generalised Co-ordinate System......Page 108
3.1 Introduction......Page 110
3.2 EM Radiation and Antenna Principles......Page 111
3.2.1 Condition for radiation......Page 112
3.2.2 Mechanism of EM radiation......Page 113
3.3 Antenna Parameters......Page 116
3.4.1 Vector and scalar wave potentials......Page 121
3.5 Current Element as a Radiator......Page 124
3.5.1 Radiation from electric current element......Page 127
3.5.2 EM field produced by a given distribution of applied electric and magnetic currents......Page 128
3.5.4 Field of electric current element whose current varies arbitrarily with time......Page 129
3.6 EM Wave Propagation Models of Wireless Communication Channels......Page 130
3.7.1 EM propagation in a simple LoS link......Page 132
3.7.2 Reflection-specified propagation model......Page 133
3.8 Reflection of EM Wave at a Lossy Surface......Page 135
3.10 Reflections of TM and TE Wave......Page 136
3.11 Height-Gain for Antennas......Page 137
3.13 Diffraction of EM Waves in Wireless Communication Transmissions......Page 138
3.14 Scattering of EM Waves in Mobile Communication Scenario......Page 139
3.15 Signal Fading......Page 143
3.15.1 Flat-fading......Page 144
3.15.3 Fast-fading in indoor links......Page 145
3.15.4 Electromagnetics of fast-fading......Page 146
3.15.5 Macro- and micro-diversity considerations......Page 147
3.16 Antenna Selection and Specifications......Page 148
3.17 Outdoor Antennas: Siting Criteria......Page 151
3.17.1 Antenna installation guidelines......Page 152
3.17.2 Work practices to reduce RF radiation exposure......Page 153
3.19 Concluding Remarks......Page 155
References......Page 164
4.1 Introduction......Page 168
4.2 Electromagnetics of Antenna Structures......Page 170
4.2.1 Discrete antenna elements......Page 171
4.2.2 Linear antenna theory......Page 172
4.3 Dipoles in Wireless Communication Systems......Page 199
4.4 Linear Travelling Wave Antennas......Page 201
4.5 Loop Antennas......Page 204
4.5.2 Directivity of a circular loop antenna......Page 207
4.5.3 Fresnel zone and induction zone fields of a radiating magnetic loop......Page 210
4.5.4 Q-factor of a small loop antenna......Page 211
4.5.6 Radiation efficiency of a loop antenna......Page 213
4.5.7 Loop antennas in wireless communication systems......Page 215
4.5.8 Loop plus dipole antenna......Page 216
4.6 Helical Antennas......Page 217
4.6.1 Transmission modes of helices......Page 218
4.6.2 Radiation modes of helices......Page 219
4.6.4 Feed arrangements and physical forms of helical antennas......Page 223
4.6.5 Circumference-spacing chart of helical antennas......Page 226
4.6.6 Helical antennas in wireless applications......Page 227
4.6.8 Bifilar/quadrifilar helical antennas......Page 228
4.7 Spiral Antennas......Page 229
4.7.1 Equiangular antennas......Page 230
4.7.2 Log-periodic antennas......Page 235
4.7.3 Self-complementary antennas......Page 236
4.7.5 Spiral antennas used in wireless communication systems......Page 237
4.8.1 Slot antenna......Page 238
4.8.2 Slots on conducting cylinders......Page 243
4.8.3 Aperture antennas......Page 245
4.8.4 Rectangular aperture on an infinite ground-plane......Page 248
4.9.1 Conical horn antennas......Page 250
4.9.2 Rectangular horn antenna......Page 252
4.9.3 Sectoral horns......Page 255
4.10 Reflector Antennas......Page 260
4.10.1 Paraboloidal reflector versus parabolic cylindrical reflector......Page 263
4.10.2 Concept of phase centre......Page 264
4.10.3 Plane sheet reflector......Page 265
4.10.4 Corner reflector antennas......Page 266
4.11 Surface-installed Low Profile Antennas......Page 269
4.11.1 The microstrip as a transmission line......Page 273
4.12 Microstrip Antennas for Wireless Applications......Page 279
4.12.1 Circular and rectangular microstrip patch antennas......Page 280
4.12.2 Dual-frequency patch antennas......Page 282
4.12.3 Circularly polarised microstrip antenna......Page 283
4.12.4 Other versions of microstripline-based antennas of wireless units......Page 284
4.13 Cavity-backed Patch Antenna......Page 286
4.13.1 Loaded and cavity-backed small patch antennas......Page 288
4.14 Multifunctional Patch/Planar Antennas......Page 290
4.15 GPS-DCS Antennas......Page 291
4.16 Printed Antennas......Page 294
4.17 Aperture-coupled Patch Antennas......Page 295
4.17.1 PIFA design considerations......Page 299
4.17.2 PIFA antenna configurations......Page 300
4.18 Active Patch Antennas......Page 303
4.18.1 High-efficiency amplifiers for integration with wireless antennas......Page 306
4.18.4 Combined approach......Page 307
4.19 Dielectric Resonator Antennas......Page 309
4.20 Short Backfire (SBF) Antennas......Page 310
4.22 Mobile Satellite Antennas......Page 311
4.23 Concluding Remarks......Page 312
References......Page 314
5.1 Introduction......Page 322
5.2 Theory of Antenna Arrays......Page 324
5.2.1 Linear array of n isotropic point-sources of equal amplitude and spacing......Page 325
5.2.2 Linear broadside array of point-sources......Page 327
5.2.3 Ordinary end-fire array of point-sources......Page 328
5.2.4 End-fire with increased directivity......Page 329
5.2.6 Direction of nulls and maxima for arrays of n isotropic point-sources of equal amplitude and spacing......Page 330
5.2.7 Two isotropic point-sources of unequal amplitude and any phase difference......Page 335
5.2.8 Non-isotropic similar point-sources and the principle of pattern multiplication......Page 336
5.2.9 Array of non-isotropic and dissimilar point-sources......Page 338
5.3 Broadside Arrays with Nonuniform Amplitude Distribution......Page 340
5.3.1 Linear arrays with optimum or Dolph-Tchebyscheff distribution......Page 341
5.4 Planar and Volume Arrays......Page 346
5.5 Feed Techniques for Array Antennas......Page 349
5.6 Arrays with Parasitic Elements......Page 351
5.6.1 Yagi-Uda array......Page 355
5.6.2 Planar Yagi antenna-like array......Page 357
5.6.3 Slot/aperture arrays......Page 359
5.7 Microstrip Patch Antenna Arrays......Page 364
5.8 Phased Arrays......Page 366
5.8.1 Practical considerations in designing microstrip antenna arrays......Page 367
5.8.2 Linear microstrip arrays......Page 368
5.9 Array Techniques for Beamforming/Scanning......Page 369
5.9.1 Lens-based beamformers/scanners......Page 370
5.9.2 Bootlace lens concept and Rotman lens......Page 371
5.9.3 Circuit-specified beamformers......Page 372
5.10.1 Base-station applications......Page 374
5.10.2 Array antennas in mobile units......Page 377
5.11 Concluding Remarks......Page 378
References......Page 380
6.1 Introduction......Page 382
6.2 Channel Models......Page 385
6.2.1 Lee's model......Page 388
6.2.1 A model of discretely disposed, uniform set of evenly-spread scatterers......Page 389
6.2.4 Microcell wideband model......Page 390
6.2.5 Gaussian, wide-sense stationary, uncorrelated scattering (GWSSUS) model......Page 391
6.2.7 Time-varying vector channel model (Rayleigh's model)......Page 392
6.2.9 Bad urban (BU) model......Page 393
6.2.12 Extended tap delay-time model......Page 394
6.2.15 Ray-tracing model......Page 395
6.3 Smart Arrays: Antenna and Diversity Gains......Page 396
6.3.1 Diversity combining technique......Page 400
6.3.2 Types of smart antennas......Page 401
6.4 Tracking and Switched Beam Array Techniques......Page 404
6.5 Fixed Beamforming Strategies......Page 405
6.6 Array-Processing through Beamforming......Page 406
6.6.1 Basic beamforming algorithms......Page 407
6.6.3 Switched-beam array configuration......Page 410
6.7 Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) Techniques......Page 419
6.8 Concluding Remarks......Page 420
References......Page 422
7.1 Introduction......Page 424
7.2 Indoor Ambient versus EM Wave Propagation......Page 425
7.3 Indoor Antennas: Underlying Concepts......Page 434
7.4 Indoor Antenna Characteristics......Page 437
7.5 Indoor Wireless Communication Systems......Page 438
7.5.1 Cordless wireless telephone......Page 439
7.5.2 Wireless LAN (WLAN)......Page 440
7.5.3 Bluetooth technology......Page 446
7.6.1 Traditional antennas for indoor applications: System-specific aspects......Page 452
7.6.2 Cordless phone antennas......Page 453
7.6.3 Antennas for two-way radios: Indoor deployment considerations......Page 454
7.6.4 Antenna for 2.4 GHZ ISM band......Page 455
7.6.5 PC-card antennas for 2.4 GHz ISM ISM band applications......Page 458
7.6.6 Dual PIFA configurations......Page 460
7.6.7 Dual-band antenna for 2.4 GHz and 5.7 GHz indoor wireless systems......Page 461
7.6.8 Smart antennas for Bluetooth applications......Page 462
7.6.9 Polarisation-switched antennas for indoor applications......Page 467
7.6.10 Implementation of switched-polarisation antenna system......Page 475
7.6.11 Circularly-polarised antennas for FH/CDMA based indoor wireless communication......Page 476
7.6.12 Circularly-polarised patch antenna with switchable polarisation sense using PIN diode switching......Page 478
7.6.13 mart antenna for high capacity indoor wireless systems......Page 479
7.6.14 Smart indoor antenna for PCS receivers......Page 481
7.7 Concluding Remarks......Page 484
References......Page 485
Appendix 7.1 Characteristics of Bluetooth Packets......Page 488
Appendix 7.2 Multiple Indoor Wireless Transmissions......Page 492
8.1 Introduction......Page 500
8.2.1 Local multiple distribution service......Page 501
8.2.2 WLL based on wideband CDMA......Page 513
8.3 Broadband Antennas for Wireless Systems......Page 518
8.3.1 Broadband antennas: Bandwidth considerations......Page 519
8.4.1 Patch antenna with low, unloaded Q substrate......Page 520
8.4.2 Vertically stacked patches......Page 522
8.4.3 Single-plane multiple patches antenna......Page 524
8.5 Indoor Broadband Wireless Antennas......Page 526
8.5.1 An angular diversity antenna system for broadband WLAN......Page 527
8.5.2 Bowtie-tie patch antennas/arrays for broadband indoor wireless communications......Page 528
8.5.3 Broadband antenna with polarisation diversity for WLAN applications......Page 530
8.6 Fractal Antennas......Page 531
8.7 Concluding Remarks......Page 533
References......Page 534
Appendix 8.1 Details on LMDS Evolution......Page 536
Abbreviations and Acronyms......Page 540
Subject Index......Page 546