Antenna theory and design : by Warren L. Stutzman and Gary A. Thiele

Content: Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The History of Antennas 1 1.2 What Is an Antenna and When Is it Used? 10 1.3 How Antennas Radiate 13 1.4 The Four Antenna Types 17 References 22 Problems 22 Chapter 2 Antenna Fundamentals 23 2.1 Fundamentals of Electromagnetics 23 2.2 Solution of Maxwell's Equations for Radiation Problems 27 2.3 The Ideal Dipole 32 2.4 Radiation Patterns 36 2.5 Directivity and Gain 50 2.6 Antenna Impedance 56 2.7 Radiation Efficiency 60 2.8 Antenna Polarization 61 References 66 Problems 66 Chapter 3 Simple Radiating Systems 70 3.1 Electrically Small Dipoles 70 3.2 Half-Wave Dipoles 73 3.3 Monopoles and Image Theory 75 3.4 Small Loop Antennas and Duality 81 3.5 Two-Element Arrays 89 References 97 Problems 97 Chapter 4 System Applications for Antennas 100 4.1 Introduction 100 4.2 Receiving Properties of Antennas 100 4.3 Antenna Noise and Radiometry 103 4.4 Antennas in Communication Systems 107 4.5 Antennas In Wireless Communication Systems 116 4.6 Antennas in Radar Systems 122 4.7 Antennas As Unintentional Radiators 123 References 125 Problems 125 Chapter 5 Line Sources 128 5.1 The Uniform Line Source 128 5.2 Tapered Line Sources 137 5.3 Fourier Transform Relations Between the Far-Field Pattern and the Source Distribution 142 5.4 Fast Wave And Slow Wave Distributions 143 5.5 Superdirective Line Sources 145 References 148 Problems 148 Chapter 6 Wire Antennas 151 6.1 Dipole Antennas 151 6.2 Folded Dipole Antennas 161 6.3 Yagi-Uda Antennas 166 6.4 Feeding Wire Antennas 175 6.5 Loaded Wire Antennas 186 6.6 Ground Plane Backed Wire Antennas 190 6.7 Wire Antennas Above an Imperfect Ground Plane 198 6.8 Large Loop Antennas 205 References 211 Problems 212 Chapter 7 Broadband Antennas 218 7.1 Introduction 218 7.2 Traveling-Wave Wire Antennas 220 7.3 Helical Antennas 225 7.4 Biconical Antennas 233 7.5 Sleeve Antennas 239 7.6 Principles of Frequency-Independent Antennas 243 7.7 Spiral Antennas 245 7.8 Log-Periodic Antennas 251 7.9 Wideband EMC Antennas 261 7.10 Ultra-Wideband Antennas 264 References 266 Problems 268 Chapter 8 Array Antennas 271 8.1 Introduction 271 8.2 The Array Factor for Linear Arrays 272 8.3 Uniformly Excited, Equally Spaced Linear Arrays 278 8.4 The Complete Array Pattern and Pattern Multiplication 286 8.5 Directivity of Uniformly Excited, Equally Spaced Linear Arrays 293 8.6 Nonuniformly Excited, Equally Spaced Linear Arrays 298 8.7 Mutual Coupling in Arrays 303 8.8 Multidimensional Arrays 311 8.9 Phased Arrays and Array Feeding Techniques 314 8.10 Elements for Arrays 327 8.11 Wideband Phased Arrays 332 References 336 Problems 338 Chapter 9 Aperture Antennas 344 9.1 Radiation from Apertures and Huygens' Principle 344 9.2 Rectangular Apertures 353 9.3 Techniques for Evaluating Gain 360 9.4 Rectangular Horn Antennas 368 9.5 Circular Apertures 385 9.6 Reflector Antennas 391 9.7 Feed Antennas for Reflectors 416 9.8 Lens Antennas 424 References 425 Problems 427 Chapter 10 Antenna Synthesis 433 10.1 The Antenna Synthesis Problem 433 10.2 Line Source Shaped Beam Synthesis Methods 437 10.3 Linear Array Shaped Beam Synthesis Methods 440 10.4 Low Side Lobe, Narrow Main Beam Synthesis Methods 446 10.5 The Iterative Sampling Method 459 References 461 Problems 461 Chapter 11 Low-Profile Antennas and Personal Communication Antennas 465 11.1 Introduction 465 11.2 Microstrip Antenna Elements 466 11.3 Microstrip Arrays 478 11.4 Microstrip Leaky Wave Antennas 481 11.5 Fundamental Limits on Antenna Size 488 11.6 Antennas for Compact Devices 498 11.7 Dielectric Resonator Antennas 512 11.8 Near Fields of Electrically Large Antennas 519 11.9 Human Body Effects on Antenna Performance 523 11.10 Radiation Hazards 526 References 531 Problems 533 Chapter 12 Terminal and Base Station Antennas for Wireless Applications 536 12.1 Satellite Terminal Antennas 537 12.2 Base Station Antennas 538 12.3 Mobile Terminal Antennas 545 12.4 Smart Antennas 549 12.5 Adaptive and Spatial Filtering Antennas 553 References 557 Problems 557 Chapter 13 Antenna Measurements 559 13.1 Reciprocity and Antenna Measurements 559 13.2 Pattern Measurement and Antenna Ranges 564 13.3 Gain Measurement 571 13.4 Polarization Measurement 576 13.5 Field Intensity Measurement 580 13.6 Mobile Radio Antenna Measurements 582 13.7 Rules for Experimental Investigations 583 References 584 Problems 584 Chapter 14 CEM for Antennas: The Method of Moments 587 14.1 General Introduction to CEM 587 14.2 Introduction to the Method of Moments 590 14.3 Pocklington's Integral Equation 591 14.4 Integral Equations and Kirchhoff's Network Equations 594 14.5 Source Modeling 596 14.6 Weighted Residuals and the Method of Moments 601 14.7 Two Alternative Approaches to the Method of Moments 606 14.8 Formulation and Computational Considerations 610 14.9 Calculation of Antenna and Scatterer Characteristics 618 14.10 The Wire Antenna or Scatterer as an N-Port Network 621 14.11 Antenna Arrays 625 14.12 Radar Cross Section of Antennas 631 14.13 Modeling of Solid Surfaces 636 14.14 Summary 645 References 646 Problems 647 Chapter 15 CEM for Antennas: Finite Difference Time Domain Method 652 15.1 Maxwell's Equations for the FDTD Method 654 15.2 Finite Differences and the Yee Algorithm 657 15.3 Cell Size, Numerical Stability, and Dispersion 664 15.4 Computer Algorithm and FDTD Implementation 667 15.5 Absorbing Boundary Conditions 670 15.6 Source Conditions 674 15.7 Near Fields and Far Fields 681 15.8 A Two-Dimensional Example: An E--Plane Sectoral Horn Antenna 682 15.9 Antenna Analysis and Applications 689 15.10 Summary 697 References 697 Problems 698 Chapter 16 CEM for Antennas: High-Frequency Methods 700 16.1 Geometrical Optics 701 16.2 Wedge Diffraction Theory 707 16.3 The Ray-Fixed Coordinate System 716 16.4 A Uniform Theory of Wedge Diffraction 718 16.5 E-Plane Analysis of Horn Antennas 722 16.6 Cylindrical Parabolic Reflector Antennas 725 16.7 Radiation by a Slot on a Finite Ground Plane 727 16.8 Radiation by a Monopole on a Finite Ground Plane 730 16.9 Equivalent Current Concepts 732 16.10 A Multiple Diffraction Formulation 735 16.11 Diffraction by Curved Surfaces 737 16.12 Application of UTD to Wireless Mobile Propagation 742 16.13 Extension of Moment Method Using the UTD 745 16.14 Physical Optics 750 16.15 Frequency Dependence of First-Order Scattering Sources 757 16.16 Method of Stationary Phase 760 16.17 Physical Theory of Diffraction 763 16.18 Cylindrical Parabolic Reflector Antennas--PTD 769 16.19 Summary 771 References 771 Problems 773 Appendix A Frequency Bands 781 A.1 Radio Frequency Bands 781 A.2 Television Channel Frequencies (in North America) 781 A.3 Cellular Telephone Bands 782 A.4 Radar Bands 782 Appendix B Material Data and Constants 783 B.1 Conductivities of Good Conductors 783 B.2 Wire Data 783 B.3 Dielectric Constant: Permittivity of Free Space 784 B.4 Permeability of Free Space 784 B.5 Velocity of Light of Free Space 784 B.6 Intrinsic Impedance of Free Space 784 B.7 Properties of Some Common Dielectrics 784 Appendix C Coordinate Systems and Vectors 785 C.1 The Coordinate Systems and Unit Vectors 785 C.2 Vector Identities 786 C.3 Vector Differential Operators 787 Appendix D Trigonometric Relations 789 Appendix E Hyperbolic Relations 791 Appendix F Mathematical Relations 793 F.1 Dirac Delta Function 793 F.2 Binomial Theorem 793 F.3 Bessel Functions 793 F.4 Some Useful Integrals 794 Appendix G Computing Tools for Antennas 795 G.1 Wire Antenna Simulation Packages 795 G.2 Parabolic Reflector Antenna Simulation Packages 796 G.3 Web Sites with Antenna Calculation and Modeling Tools 796 Appendix H Book List 797 H.1 Introduction 797 H.2 Antenna Definitions 797 H.3 Fundamental Books on Antennas 797 H.4 Books on Antennas with Propagation 799 H.5 Books On Antennas With Other Topics 799 H.6 Handbooks and General Reference Books on Antennas 799 H.7 Books on Antenna Measurements 800 H.8 Books on Specific Antenna Topics 801 H.9 Books on Antennas For Specific Applications 805 H.10 Books on Computational Methods for Antennas 807 H.11 Books on Topics Closely Related to Antennas 809 Index 811