This book discusses terahertz (THz) wireless communication, particularly for 6G enabling technologies, including antenna design, and channel modeling with channel characteristics for the success of reliable 6G wireless communication. The authors describe THz microstrip antenna technologies with different substrates and introduce some useful substrates to reduce the conductor and substrate losses at the THz frequencies. The discussion also includes the design of the THz unit-cell microstrip antenna and the techniques to boost the microstrip antennas' gain, directivity, and impedance bandwidth (BW), which influence the wireless communication range which is highly affected by the path losses of atmospheric conditions, and transmit and receive data rates, respectively. Moreover, this book discusses the multi-beam and beamforming THz antenna technologies with the multi-user-multiple-input-multiple-output (MU-MIMO) features. Additionally, this book describes the reconfigurable capabilities, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning technologies that will influence the success of 6G wireless communication and the authors suggest a remedy for integrating multiple radios into the system-on-chip (SoC) design.
Author(s): Uri Nissanov, Ghanshyam Singh
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 328
City: Cham
Preface
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
About the Authors
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Evolution of Wireless Communication
1.2 Sixth-Generation Wireless Communication Systems
1.2.1 Key Performance Indicators
1.2.2 Enabling Technologies
1.2.3 Terahertz Wave Challenges for Sixth-Generation
1.2.4 Features of Terahertz Wave for Wireless Communication
1.2.5 Pillars of Sixth-Generation
1.2.6 Sixth-Generation Roadmap Timeline
1.3 Organization of the Book
1.4 Summary
References
Chapter 2: Terahertz Wireless Communication Systems
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Wireless Communication Systems
2.3 Ways to Generate Terahertz Radiation
2.3.1 Electronic Solid-State Sources
2.3.2 Photonics Solid-State Sources
2.3.3 Vacuum Tubes Sources
2.4 Terahertz Transceiver Design Concepts
2.5 Terahertz Transmitter Design Concepts
2.5.1 High-Speed Analog to Digital Converter Design Concepts
2.5.2 Modulator Design Concepts
2.5.3 Upconverter Mixer Design Concepts
2.5.4 High Power Amplifier Design Concepts
2.6 Terahertz Antenna Design Concepts
2.7 Terahertz Receiver Design Concepts
2.7.1 Low Noise Amplifier Design Concepts
2.7.2 Downconverter Mixer Design Concepts
2.7.3 Demodulator Design Concepts
2.7.4 High-Speed Digital to Analog Converter Design Concepts
2.8 Terahertz High-Rate Physical-Layer Design Concepts
2.9 Open Research Challenges
2.10 Summary
References
Chapter 3: Terahertz Communication: Standardization, Channel Modeling, and Link-Budget
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Terahertz Wireless Communication Standardizations
3.3 Terahertz Wireless Communication Potential Applications
3.3.1 Terahertz Chip-to-Chip Wireless Communication
3.3.2 Terahertz Wireless Local Area Network
3.3.3 Terahertz Wireless Personal Area Network
3.3.4 Terahertz Wireless Kiosk Downloading
3.3.5 Terahertz Wireless Connections Through Servers Inside a Data Center
3.3.6 Terahertz Backhauling and Fronthaul for Macro and Small Cell Wireless Communications
3.3.7 Terahertz Airborne and Inter-Satellite Wireless Communications
3.3.8 Terahertz Autonomous Vehicles and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Wireless Communications
3.3.9 Terahertz Nano-Cells Wireless Communication
3.4 Terahertz Wireless Communication Channel Properties
3.4.1 The Friss Free-Space Path Loss
3.4.2 Atmospheric Gas Effect Attenuations
3.4.3 Weather Effect Attenuations
3.4.4 Blockage
3.4.5 Diffraction
3.4.6 Scattering and Reflection
3.4.7 Doppler Frequency Shift
3.4.8 Delay Spread
3.5 Terahertz Wireless Communication Channel Modeling
3.5.1 Deterministic Model
3.5.2 Stochastic Model
3.5.3 Terahertz Channel Simulators
3.6 Terahertz Link-Budget
3.7 Open Research Challenges
3.8 Summary
References
Chapter 4: Terahertz Antenna Technologies for 6G Communication Systems
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Terahertz Antenna Technologies
4.2.1 Terahertz Horn Antenna
4.2.2 Terahertz Dielectric Lens Antenna
4.2.3 Terahertz Nano and Plasmonic Antennas
4.2.4 Terahertz Microstrip Planar Antenna
4.3 Terahertz Microstrip Antenna Design Considerations
4.3.1 Rule of Thumbs for Choosing Terahertz Microstrip Antenna Substrates
4.3.2 Example for Terahertz Recommended Microstrip Substrates
4.4 Third Dimensions Commercial Terahertz Antenna Design Simulators
4.4.1 CST MWS
4.4.2 Ansys HFSS
4.5 Terahertz Antenna Design Validation Techniques
4.5.1 Fabrication of Terahertz Antenna
4.5.2 Measurement of Terahertz Antenna
4.6 Open Research Challenges
4.7 Summary
References
Chapter 5: Terahertz Passive Components for 6G Communication
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Terahertz Power Dividers
5.2.1 Wilkinson Power Divider
5.2.2 T-Junction Equal and Unequal Power Divider
5.3 Terahertz Substrate Integrated Waveguide
5.4 Problem Formulation
5.5 Related Work
5.6 Simulation Results and Discussion
5.6.1 THz Wilkinson Power Divider
5.6.2 THz T-Junction Power Divider
5.6.3 THz SIW
5.6.4 Discussion
5.7 Open Research Challenges
5.8 Summary
References
Chapter 6: Terahertz Microstrip Antenna with Frequency Selective Surface for 6G Communication
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Terahertz Unit-Cell Radiator Design Considerations
6.3 Terahertz Unit-Cell Frequency Selective Surface Design Considerations
6.3.1 Equivalent Electric Circuits Models for Bandpass and Bandstop FSSs
6.4 Problem Formulation
6.5 Related Work
6.6 Simulation Results and Discussion
6.6.1 THz Unit-Cell Planar Rectangular Microstrip Antenna for 112.5 GHz
6.6.2 THz Unit-Cell Planar Crown Shape Microstrip Antenna for 127.6 GHz
6.6.3 THz Unit-Cell Bandstop Double Circular Ring FSS
6.6.4 THz Unit-Cell Bandstop Discontinuous Circular Ring FSS
6.6.5 THz Unit-Cell Bandstop Double Rectangular Ring FSS
6.6.6 THz Unit-Cell Bandstop Double Discontinuous Rectangular Ring and Rectangular Dipoles FSSs
6.6.7 THz Unit-Cell Bandstop and Bandpass Steering Wheel Shape FSSs
6.6.8 THz Unit-Cell Bandstop Cross-Shape FSS
6.6.9 THz Unit-Cell Bandstop Jerusalem Cross-Shape FSS
6.6.10 THz Unit-Cell Bandstop and Bandpass Tilted Cross-Shape FSSs
6.6.11 Discussion
6.7 Open Research Challenges
6.8 Summary
References
Chapter 7: Gain and Bandwidth Enhancement Techniques for Terahertz Planar Antenna for 6G Communication
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Terahertz Planar Microstrip Array Antenna Technologies
7.2.1 Series Fed
7.2.2 Corporate Fed
7.2.3 Hybrid Fed
7.2.4 Side Lobe Levels Reduction by Taylor Amplitude Weighing/Tapering Technique
7.3 Placement Configuration of Frequency Selective Surfaces for Terahertz Antenna´s Gain Enhancement
7.4 Terahertz Planar Microstrip Array Antenna Bandwidth Enhancement Techniques
7.4.1 Parasitic Patch Microstrip Antenna
7.4.2 Using Slots at the Microstrip Antenna Radiators
7.4.3 Proximity Coupled Feed Microstrip Antenna
7.4.4 Log-Periodic Microstrip Antenna
7.5 Problem Formulation
7.6 Related Work
7.7 Simulation Results and Discussion
7.7.1 THz Low SLLs Microstrip Array Antenna
7.7.2 THz Slotting Circular Patch Microstrip Array Antenna with SIW
7.7.3 THz Parasitic Patches Microstrip Array Antenna
7.7.4 THz Log-Periodic Microstrip Array Antenna
7.7.5 Discussion
7.8 Open Research Challenges
7.9 Summary
References
Chapter 8: Multi-beam and Beamforming Terahertz Array Antenna for 6G Communication
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Terahertz Beamforming Antennas
8.3 Terahertz Beamforming
8.3.1 Phased-Array Beamforming
8.3.2 Microelectromechanical System Beamforming
8.4 Terahertz Beamforming Phase Shifting Technologies
8.4.1 Analog Beamforming Phase Shifting
8.4.2 Digital Beamforming Phase Shifting
8.4.3 Analog and Digital Beamforming Phase Shifting
8.5 Terahertz Multi-beam Ultra-Massive Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output
8.6 THz Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output Antenna Parameters
8.7 Problem Formulation
8.8 Related Work
8.9 Simulation Results and Discussion
8.9.1 THz Beamforming Proximity Coupled Feed Microstrip Array Antenna
8.9.2 THz Beamforming Rotman Lens Microstrip Array Antenna
8.9.3 THz 4-Ports MIMO UWB Antipodal Vivaldi Microstrip Antenna
8.9.4 Discussion
8.10 Open Research Challenges
8.11 Summary
References
Chapter 9: Reconfigurable Terahertz Microstrip Antenna for 6G Communication
9.1 Introduction
9.2 6G Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces / Intelligent Reconfigurable Surfaces
9.3 Terahertz Reconfigurable Microstrip Antenna
9.4 PIN Diode Fundamentals
9.5 Problem Formulation
9.6 Related Work
9.7 Simulation Results and Discussion
9.7.1 THz Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Reconfigurable Microstrip Antenna
9.7.2 Discussion
9.8 Open Research Challenges
9.9 Summary
References
Chapter 10: Machine Learning in Terahertz Communication
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Machine Learning
10.3 Deep Learning
10.4 Artificial Intelligence
10.5 Extended Reality
10.6 Augmented Reality
10.7 Virtual Reality
10.8 Mixed Reality
10.9 Open Research Challenges
10.10 Summary
References
