Aneurysms of the Popliteal Artery

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Part I: History
1: A Surgeon’s Journey Through History Up to the End of the Nineteenth Century
1.1 The Valsalva’s Method (Medical or Constitutional Treatment of Aneurysms)
1.2 Hot and Cold
1.3 Coagulants
1.4 Foreign Bodies (Acupuncture, Wiring, Etc.)
1.5 Thermic and Electric Energy
1.6 Needling
1.7 Manipulation
1.8 Ligature
1.9 Compression
References
2: Modern Historical Background
2.1 The Dawn of Reconstructive Arterial Surgery
2.2 The Changing Trends in the Treatment of Popliteal Aneurysms
References
Part II: The Popliteal Artery: Embryology and Anatomy
3: The Popliteal Artery: Embryology
References
4: The Popliteal Artery: Reminding Normal and Variant Anatomy
4.1 Variants of the Terminal Branching of the Popliteal Artery (Fig. 4.5)
References
5: Persistence of the Ischiadic Artery
References
6: Popliteal Artery Entrapment
References
Part III: Popliteal Aneurysms: Pathology
7: Surgical Pathology
7.1 Etiology and Pathogenesis
7.1.1 Atherosclerosis
7.1.2 Infection (Mycotic Aneurysm)
7.1.3 Popliteal Artery Entrapment Syndrome
7.1.4 Fibromuscular Dysplasia
7.1.5 Klippel-Trénaunay Syndrome
7.1.6 Neurofibromatosis
7.1.7 Others
7.2 Surgical Pathology
7.2.1 Atherosclerosis
7.2.2 Mycotic Aneurysms
7.2.3 Popliteal Artery Entrapment Syndrome
7.2.4 Fibromuscular Dysplasia
7.2.5 Klippel-Trénaunay Syndrome
7.2.6 Neurofibromatosis
7.3 Clinical-Pathologic Correlations
7.3.1 Atherosclerosis
7.3.2 Mycotic Aneurysm
References
Part IV: Atherosclerotic Popliteal Aneurysms: Clinical Aspects
8: Definition, Prevalence, and Etiopathogenesis
8.1 A Rare Disease?
8.2 Etiopathogenesis
References
9: The “Problem” of Arteriomegaly
References
10: Outline of Patients with Atherosclerotic Popliteal Aneurysm
10.1 Demographics (Table 10.1)
10.2 Associated Diseases and Risk Factors
10.3 Concurrent Contralateral and Extrapopliteal Aneurysm
References
11: Clinical Presentation
11.1 Size and Morphology of the Aneurysm: Is There Any Relationship with Symptoms/Complications?
11.2 Others Patient’s Characteristics Possibly Linked to the Occurrence of Symptoms/Complications
11.3 Asymptomatic Aneurysms
11.4 Chronic Ischemia and Acute Ischemia
11.5 Involvement of Distal Circulation in Limbs with PAA
11.6 Thrombosis
11.7 Embolism
11.8 Vein Involvement
11.9 Nerve Involvement
11.10 Local Pain
11.11 Rupture
11.12 Infection
References
Part V: Popliteal Aneurysms: Diagnosis
12: Diagnostic Procedures
12.1 Primary Diagnosis
12.2 Imaging Techniques
12.2.1 Plain X-Ray
12.2.2 Xeroradiography
12.2.3 Arteriography
12.2.4 Ultrasonography
12.2.5 Computed Tomography (CT)
12.2.6 Magnetic Resonance
12.2.7 Differential Diagnosis
References
Part VI: Atherosclerotic Popliteal Aneurysms: Surgical Treatment
13: Operative Indication, Surgical Approach, and Tactics
13.1 Operative Indication
13.2 Surgical Approach and Tactics
References
14: Primary Amputation, Endoaneurysmorrhaphy, Lumbar Sympathectomy, and the Use of Tourniquet
14.1 Primary Amputation
14.2 Endoaneurysmorrhaphy (EA)
14.3 Lumbar Sympathectomy (LS)
14.4 Tourniquet
References
15: Treatment with Reestablishment of Circulation
15.1 Early Results
15.2 The Impact of Intraarterial Thrombolysis on the Outcome of Acutely Ischemic Limbs
15.3 Mid- and Long-Term Results
15.4 Factors That May Influence Late Results
15.4.1 Symptoms at Presentation
15.4.2 Quality of Popliteal Outflow
15.4.3 Graft Material
15.4.4 The Emergency Setting
15.4.5 The Need of Performing a Tibial Bypass
15.5 Arterial Autografts
15.6 Resection and End-to-End Anastomosis
References
16: Late Sequelae of Surgical Treatment
16.1 The Fate of the Excluded Popliteal Artery Aneurysm
16.2 Aneurysmal Degeneration of Autologous Vein Graft: A Peculiar Complication After Repair of Popliteal Artery Aneurysm?
Appendix
Sex and Popliteal Aneurysms
Is Gender a Differentiating Factor in the Setting of Popliteal Artery Aneurysms?
References
Part VII: Atherosclerotic Popliteal Aneurysms: Endovascular Treatment
17: An Up-to-Date of Popliteal Artery Anatomy, Static and Dynamic
References
18: Homemade and Early Stent-Grafts
18.1 The Beginning
18.2 Home-Made Stent-Grafts
18.3 The Cragg Endopro System 1− Passager
18.4 The Wallgraft Endoprosthesis
References
19: The Hemobahn-Viabahn Stent-Grafts
19.1 A: Reports with at Least Ten Cases
19.1.1 The Gröningen Experience
19.1.2 The Italian Experience
19.1.3 The North American Experience
19.1.4 Reports from Other Countries
19.2 B: Single-Case Reports, Short-Series Reports, and Reports on Mixed Stent-Grafts
19.3 C: The Heparinized Viabahn Stent-Graft
References
20: Other Stent Grafts and Hybrid Procedures
20.1 Fluency (Bard, Murray Hill, NJ, USA)
20.2 Corvita (Corvita Co., Miami, FL, USA; Schneider-Boston Scientific, Bülach, Switzerland)
20.3 Limb of the Anaconda Aortic Stent Graft ­(Vascutek-Terumo, Inchinnan, Renfrewshire, Scotland, UK)
20.4 Limb of the Aneurx Aortic Stent Graft (Medtronic, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA)
20.5 Gore-Excluder (W.L. Gore & Ass., Flagstaff, AZ, USA)
20.6 Non-Covered Stents
20.7 Hybrid Procedures
References
21: The Current Role of Endografting
21.1 Review and Meta-analysis of the Results of Endografting Treatment of PAAs
References
Part VIII: Non-atherosclerotic Popliteal Aneurysms
22: Behçet’s Disease
References
23: Kawasaki’s Disease
References
24: Neurofibromatosis
References
25: Fibromuscular Dysplasia
References
26: Disorders of the Connective Tissue
26.1 Marfan’s Syndrome
26.2 Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome
26.3 Loeys–Dietz Syndrome
References
27: Klippel–Trénaunay Syndrome, Parkes Weber Syndrome
References
28: HIV/AIDS
References
29: Mycotic Aneurysms
References
30: Miscellaneous
30.1 Syphilitic Aneurysms
30.2 Idiopathic Popliteal Aneurysms in Children
30.3 Obscure Cases
References