Ancient Egyptian Chronology (Handbook of Oriental Studies Handbuch der Orientalistik)

Ancient Egyptian Chronology......Page 4
EDITORIAL......Page 6
CONTENTS......Page 8
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 12
Erik Hornung: INTRODUCTION......Page 14
PART I: EGYPTIAN CHRONOGRAPHICAL TRADITION AND METHOD OF DATING......Page 30
Royal Annals of Memphis......Page 32
South Saqqara Stone and Later Annals......Page 33
Proposed Revision of Recent Reconstructions of the Memphite Annals Stone (Fig. I. 1.2)......Page 34
Introduction......Page 39
Groupings of Kings; Headings and Totals......Page 41
Relation to Manetho’s King-list......Page 44
Conclusion......Page 45
I.3 The Editors: KING-LISTS AND MANETHO’S AIGYPTIAKA......Page 46
I.4 Morris L. Bierbrier: GENEALOGY AND CHRONOLOGY......Page 50
I.5 The Editors: METHODS OF DATING AND THE EGYPTIAN CALENDAR......Page 58
The Solar Calendar of 365 Days......Page 60
Calendar Adjustment......Page 61
Egyptian Calendar Day......Page 62
PART II: RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY......Page 66
Introduction......Page 68
Tasian......Page 70
Badarian......Page 71
Naqada Culture—History of Research—Petrie’s Sequence Dating......Page 73
Kaiser’s Stufen Chronology......Page 77
Computer Seriation......Page 79
Distribution Studies......Page 81
Description of Naqada Periods—Naqada I......Page 84
Naqada IB......Page 87
Naqada II......Page 88
Naqada IIA......Page 89
Naqada IIB......Page 90
Naqada IIC......Page 91
Naqada IID1......Page 92
Naqada IID2......Page 93
Naqada III......Page 94
Naqada IIIA1......Page 95
Naqada IIIA2......Page 96
Naqada IIIB......Page 97
Naqada IIIC1......Page 99
Naqada IIID......Page 100
Correlation between Naqada III and Dyns. 0–2......Page 101
Radiocarbon Chronology......Page 103
Maadi-Buto Culture......Page 105
Kings before Nar-mer......Page 107
Nar-mer to Qa-'a: The Succession......Page 109
Evidence for the Lengths of Reigns during Dyn. 1......Page 112
Hetep-sekhemwy to Netjery-khet: The Succession......Page 115
Chronologically Significant Inscriptions, Dyns 1–3......Page 120
II.3 Stephan J. Seidlmayer: THE RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY OF DYNASTY 3......Page 129
II.4 Miroslav Verner: CONTEMPORANEOUS EVIDENCE FOR THE RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY OF DYNS. 4 AND 5......Page 137
List of Contemporaneously Documented Dates, Dyns. 4–5......Page 141
II.5 THE RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY OF DYNASTIES 6 AND 8......Page 157
Reign of Teti......Page 158
Reign of Userkareˁ......Page 159
Reign of Pepy I......Page 160
Reign of Merenreˁ......Page 164
Reign of Pepy II......Page 165
Biennial, Irregular or Annual Census? The Case of Dynasty 6......Page 166
Dynasty 8......Page 169
Dyn. 11......Page 172
The Herakleopolitan Dyns. 9 and 10......Page 176
1. Terminology and Methodology......Page 181
2. Dynastie 12......Page 183
3. Dynastie 13......Page 188
4. Dyn. 17 (Ryholt: “Dyn. 16” & “Dyn. 17”)......Page 194
5. Dynastie 15......Page 205
6. Total Length of the Period of Dyns. 13–17......Page 208
II.8 Erik Hornung: THE NEW KINGDOM......Page 210
Dyn. 18......Page 211
Dyn. 20......Page 227
II.9 Karl Jansen-Winkeln: RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY OF DYN. 21......Page 231
II.10 Karl Jansen-Winkeln: THE CHRONOLOGY OF THE THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD: DYNS. 22–24......Page 247
1. The Rulers of Unified Egypt of Early Dyn. 22......Page 248
2. Takelot II......Page 255
3. The LE Sovereigns of Dyn. 22 to Shoshenq V......Page 256
4. The Successors of Shoshenq V......Page 258
5. UE Kings and Dynasties from Takelot II to Dyn. 25......Page 260
6. The Chronological Framework for Dyn. 25......Page 271
7. Connecting Dyns. 22 and 25......Page 276
8. Conclusion......Page 277
II.11 Leo Depuydt: SAITE AND PERSIAN EGYPT, 664 BC–332 BC (DYNS. 26–31, PSAMMETICHUS I TO ALEXANDER’S CONQUEST OF EGYPT)......Page 278
1. Dynasty 27......Page 279
2. Dynasty 26......Page 280
3. Dynasties 28 to 31......Page 281
4. Regnal Years in 690 BC–332 BC......Page 284
II.12 Karola Zibelius-Chen: THE CHRONOLOGY OF NUBIAN KINGDOMS FROM DYN. 25 TO THE END OF THE KINGDOM OF MEROE......Page 297
II.13 Jörg Klinger: CHRONOLOGICAL LINKS BETWEEN THE CUNEIFORM WORLD OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST AND ANCIENT EGYPT......Page 317
PART III: ABSOLUTE CHRONOLOGY......Page 338
1. Introduction: History of Field......Page 340
2. Radiocarbon Dating and the Historical Timescale......Page 345
3. Radiocarbon and Egypt: An Example of Historically Relevant Data......Page 347
Tell el-Amarna......Page 348
4. Past Radiocarbon Fluctuations (the Shape of the Calibration Curve), the Old Wood Problem, and Egyptian OK Radiocarbon Dates......Page 351
Shoshenq I and Radiocarbon?......Page 363
6. Conclusions......Page 365
Luminescence Dating: Basic Principles......Page 369
How Useful is Luminescence Dating for Dynastic Egyptian Objects? AnswersBased on Published Dates......Page 371
Thermoluminescence Dates Quoted in the Literature......Page 372
Outlook......Page 373
Biological Background......Page 374
Sampling, Data Acquisition, and Synchronisation......Page 375
Constructing Standards......Page 376
Dating of Samples......Page 377
Dendrochronology in Egypt and the Near East......Page 378
Dates of the Nile Flood......Page 382
Opening of the Basin Canals in the Theban Area?......Page 386
Grain Harvesting Dates......Page 387
Harvesting of Flax......Page 388
Seasonal Finds in the Tomb of Tutˁankhamun......Page 389
Solar and Lunar Eclipses......Page 390
Miscellaneous Astronomical Phenomena......Page 391
III.5 Juan Antonio Belmonte: ASTRONOMY ON THE HORIZON AND DATING—A TOOL FOR ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CHRONOLOGY?......Page 393
The Days of the Lunar Month......Page 399
Beginning of the Lunar Month......Page 400
Lunar Calendar: ‘Civil-based’ Lunar Year......Page 402
III.7 Kurt Locher: LONG-TERM VARIATION IN THE MOTIONS OF THE EARTH AND THE MOON......Page 405
Relevant Peculiarities of the Motion of the Moon......Page 406
Computation of Old and New Crescent......Page 408
Negative and Positive Errors in Lunar Observation......Page 411
Error Quotas in Lunar Dates......Page 412
Mistakenly Conjectured Lunar Dates......Page 414
Partial Repetition of Lunar Dates after 25 Egyptian Years......Page 417
Dates of a Lunar Feast (Tepi Shemu) in the Bubastide Period......Page 421
The Lunar wrš Date in Year 5 of Shoshenq [I]......Page 424
Three Lunar Dates of the Tepi Shemu Feast in Dyn. 21......Page 425
Ramesside Lunar Dates......Page 427
Supplementary Lunar Dates......Page 431
The Lunar Date of Amenhotep II......Page 432
Lunar Dates of Thutmose III......Page 433
The Monthu Feast in pBoulaq 18 as a Lunar Date......Page 435
The Illahun Lunar Dates (ILD)......Page 437
Commentary......Page 438
The Khozam Lunar Date......Page 440
Lunar Dates of Late Dyn. 5136......Page 442
III.9 Teije de Jong: THE HELIACAL RISING OF SIRIUS......Page 445
Quadrennium......Page 452
Geographic Reference and Its Interplay with Astronomically or Schematically Determined Sothic Dates......Page 453
Peret Sepdet in the Raˁneferef Archive?......Page 459
Heliacal Rising Dates of Sothis in the Star Clocks......Page 460
Sothic Dates of Senwosret III and Amenemhet III......Page 461
Sothic Date of the Ebers Calendar......Page 463
The Problem of the Sothis-based Lunar Calendar......Page 465
The Ebers Calendar As Another Example of the Sothis-based Lunar Calendar......Page 467
Unusual Features of the Ebers Calendar......Page 469
III.11 Leo Depuydt: FOUNDATIONS OF DAY-EXACT CHRONOLOGY: 690 BC–332 BC......Page 471
1. Concepts of Time-reckoning: 1.1. Calendars......Page 472
1.2. Year-counting......Page 474
2. Four Key Sources......Page 476
3. The Limits of History’s Earliest Day-exact Chronology......Page 481
PART IV: CONCLUSIONS AND CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES......Page 484
From Dyn. 27 Back to Early Dyn. 22......Page 486
Dyn. 21......Page 487
From Dyn. 20 Back to Dyn. 19 (Chapter II. 8)......Page 488
From Early Dyn. 19 Back to the Amarna Kings......Page 489
Near Eastern and Egyptian Synchronisms (Chapter II. 13)......Page 490
From Amenhotep III Back to Thutmose III (Chapter II. 8)......Page 491
Astronomical Determination of the Period between Thutmose III and Senwosret III Based on the Dates in the Illahun Archive and the Ebers Calendar......Page 492
The Second Intermediate Period (Chapter II. 7)......Page 493
The Beginning of Dyn. XII......Page 494
From Early Dyn. 11 Back to Late Dyn. 5......Page 495
End of Dyn. 4 and Row 1, Verso of the Annals Stone......Page 497
Dyns. 1–3......Page 499
Postscript by Stan Hendrickx......Page 500
Résumé......Page 501
IV.2 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE FOR THE DYNASTIC PERIOD......Page 503
IV.3 KUSHITE RULERS OF PRE-25TH DYNASTY, 25TH DYNASTY, NAPATAN AND MEROITIC TIMES INCLUDING THEIR BURIALS AND PRESUMED DATES FOR REIGNS......Page 509
ABBREVIATIONS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 512
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS......Page 514
Abbreviated Titles of Books and Articles......Page 517
INDEX OF PERSONAL NAMES......Page 522
INDEX OF PLACE NAMES......Page 527
GENERAL INDEX......Page 529