Anatomy and physiology

Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Human Body
Introduction
1.1 Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
1.2 Structural Organization of the Human Body
1.3 Functions of Human Life
1.4 Requirements for Human Life
1.5 Homeostasis
1.6 Anatomical Terminology
1.7 Medical Imaging
Key Terms
Chapter Review
Interactive Link Questions
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 2 The Chemical Level of Organization
Introduction
2.1 Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter
2.2 Chemical Bonds
2.3 Chemical Reactions
2.4 Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
2.5 Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
Key Terms
Chapter Review
Interactive Link Questions
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 3 The Cellular Level of Organization
Introduction
3.1 The Cell Membrane
3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles
3.3 The Nucleus and DNA Replication
3.4 Protein Synthesis
3.5 Cell Growth and Division
3.6 Cellular Differentiation
Key Terms
Chapter Review
Interactive Link Questions
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 4 The Tissue Level of Organization
Introduction
4.1 Types of Tissues
4.2 Epithelial Tissue
4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects
4.4 Muscle Tissue and Motion
4.5 Nervous Tissue Mediates Perception and Response
4.6 Tissue Injury and Aging
Key Terms
Chapter Review
Interactive Link Questions
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 5 The Integumentary System
Introduction
5.1 Layers of the Skin
5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin
5.3 Functions of the Integumentary System
5.4 Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System
Key Terms
Chapter Review
Interactive Link Questions
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 6 Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System
Introduction
6.1 The Functions of the Skeletal System
6.2 Bone Classification
6.3 Bone Structure
6.4 Bone Formation and Development
6.5 Fractures: Bone Repair
6.6 Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue
6.7 Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems
Key Terms
Chapter Review
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 7 Axial Skeleton
Introduction
7.1 Divisions of the Skeletal System
7.2 The Skull
7.3 The Vertebral Column
7.4 The Thoracic Cage
7.5 Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton
Key Terms
Chapter Review
Interactive Link Questions
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 8 The Appendicular Skeleton
Introduction
8.1 The Pectoral Girdle
8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
8.3 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
8.5 Development of the Appendicular Skeleton
Key Terms
Chapter Review
Interactive Link Questions
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 9 Joints
Introduction
9.1 Classification of Joints
9.2 Fibrous Joints
9.3 Cartilaginous Joints
9.4 Synovial Joints
9.5 Types of Body Movements
9.6 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
9.7 Development of Joints
Key Terms
Chapter Review
Interactive Link Questions
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 10 Muscle Tissue
Introduction
10.1 Overview of Muscle Tissues
10.2 Skeletal Muscle
10.3 Muscle Fiber Contraction and Relaxation
10.4 Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension
10.5 Types of Muscle Fibers
10.6 Exercise and Muscle Performance
10.7 Cardiac Muscle Tissue
10.8 Smooth Muscle
10.9 Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue
Key Terms
Chapter Review
Interactive Link Questions
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 11 The Muscular System
Introduction
11.1 Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems
11.2 Naming Skeletal Muscles
11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back
11.4 Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall, and Thorax
11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
Key Terms
Chapter Review
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 12 The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
Introduction
12.1 Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System
12.2 Nervous Tissue
12.3 The Function of Nervous Tissue
12.4 The Action Potential
12.5 Communication Between Neurons
Key Terms
Chapter Review
Interactive Link Questions
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 13 Anatomy of the Nervous System
Introduction
13.1 The Embryologic Perspective
13.2 The Central Nervous System
13.3 Circulation and the Central Nervous System
13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
Key Terms
Chapter Review
Interactive Link Questions
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 14 The Somatic Nervous System
Introduction
14.1 Sensory Perception
14.2 Central Processing
14.3 Motor Responses
Key Terms
Chapter Review
Interactive Link Questions
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 15 The Autonomic Nervous System
Introduction
15.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
15.2 Autonomic Reflexes and Homeostasis
15.3 Central Control
15.4 Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System
Key Terms
Chapter Review
Interactive Link Questions
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 16 The Neurological Exam
Introduction
16.1 Overview of the Neurological Exam
16.2 The Mental Status Exam
16.3 The Cranial Nerve Exam
16.4 The Sensory and Motor Exams
16.5 The Coordination and Gait Exams
Key Terms
Chapter Review
Interactive Link Questions
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 17 The Endocrine System
Introduction
17.1 An Overview of the Endocrine System
17.2 Hormones
17.3 The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
17.4 The Thyroid Gland
17.5 The Parathyroid Glands
17.6 The Adrenal Glands
17.7 The Pineal Gland
17.8 Gonadal and Placental Hormones
17.9 The Endocrine Pancreas
17.10 Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions
17.11 Development and Aging of the Endocrine System
Key Terms
Chapter Review
Interactive Link Questions
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 18 The Cardiovascular System: Blood
Introduction
18.1 An Overview of Blood
18.2 Production of the Formed Elements
18.3 Erythrocytes
18.4 Leukocytes and Platelets
18.5 Hemostasis
18.6 Blood Typing
Key Terms
Chapter Review
Interactive Link Questions
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 19 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart
Introduction
19.1 Heart Anatomy
19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity
19.3 Cardiac Cycle
19.4 Cardiac Physiology
19.5 Development of the Heart
Key Terms
Chapter Review
Interactive Link Questions
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 20 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation
Introduction
20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance
20.3 Capillary Exchange
20.4 Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System
20.5 Circulatory Pathways
20.6 Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation
Key Terms
Chapter Review
Interactive Link Questions
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 21 The Lymphatic and Immune System
Introduction
21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
21.2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response
21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types
21.4 The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies
21.5 The Immune Response against Pathogens
21.6 Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses
21.7 Transplantation and Cancer Immunology
Key Terms
Chapter Review
Interactive Link Questions
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 22 The Respiratory System
Introduction
22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
22.2 The Lungs
22.3 The Process of Breathing
22.4 Gas Exchange
22.5 Transport of Gases
22.6 Modifications in Respiratory Functions
22.7 Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System
Key Terms
Chapter Review
Interactive Link Questions
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 23 The Digestive System
Introduction
23.1 Overview of the Digestive System
23.2 Digestive System Processes and Regulation
23.3 The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
23.4 The Stomach
23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
23.6 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
23.7 Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look
Key Terms
Chapter Review
Interactive Link Questions
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 24 Metabolism and Nutrition
Introduction
24.1 Overview of Metabolic Reactions
24.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism
24.3 Lipid Metabolism
24.4 Protein Metabolism
24.5 Metabolic States of the Body
24.6 Energy and Heat Balance
24.7 Nutrition and Diet
Key Terms
Chapter Review
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 25 The Urinary System
Introduction
25.1 Physical Characteristics of Urine
25.2 Gross Anatomy of Urine Transport
25.3 Gross Anatomy of the Kidney
25.4 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney
25.5 Physiology of Urine Formation
25.6 Tubular Reabsorption
25.7 Regulation of Renal Blood Flow
25.8 Endocrine Regulation of Kidney Function
25.9 Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition
25.10 The Urinary System and Homeostasis
Key Terms
Chapter Review
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 26 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
Introduction
26.1 Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments
26.2 Water Balance
26.3 Electrolyte Balance
26.4 Acid-Base Balance
26.5 Disorders of Acid-Base Balance
Key Terms
Chapter Review
Interactive Link Questions
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 27 The Reproductive System
Introduction
27.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Testicular Reproductive System
27.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Ovarian Reproductive System
27.3 Development of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems
Key Terms
Chapter Review
Interactive Link Questions
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 28 Development and Inheritance
Introduction
28.1 Fertilization
28.2 Embryonic Development
28.3 Fetal Development
28.4 Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth
28.5 Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages
28.6 Lactation
28.7 Patterns of Inheritance
Key Terms
Chapter Review
Interactive Link Questions
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
References
3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles
4.5 Nervous Tissue Mediates Perception and Response
4.6 Tissue Injury and Aging
5.3 Functions of the Integumentary System
5.4 Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System
7.2 The Skull
12.1 Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System
18.6 Blood Typing
19.4 Cardiac Physiology
20.4 Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System
21.7 Transplantation and Cancer Immunology
22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
23.3 The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
25.10 The Urinary System and Homeostasis
Index