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Anatomy and Physiology is a dynamic textbook for the yearlong Human Anatomy and Physiology course taught at most two- and four-year colleges and universities to students majoring in nursing and allied health. A&P is 29 chapters of pedagogically effective learning content, organized by body system, and written at an audience-appropriate level. The lucid text, strategically constructed art, inspiring career features, and links to external learning tools address the critical teaching and learning challenges in the course.
Color is used for pedagogical effect in A&P. Most art will consist of elegant black line, with the strongest line illustrating the most important structure(s) and shading used to show dimension and shape. Color (used only when needed) highlights and clarifies the primary anatomical or functional point of the illustration. Student focus is drawn to the most important learning point in each illustration, without distraction from excessive gradients, shadows, and loud highlights. The online book provides students with links to surgical videos, histology, interactive diagrams, and cadaver imagery at critical junctures. The text will publish in early June 2013.
Author(s): OpenStax College; J. Gordon Betts; Peter DeSaix; Eddie Johnson; Oksana Korol; Dean H. Kruse; Brandon Poe; Kelly A. Young; James A. Wise
Publisher: OpenStax College
Year: 2013
Language: English
Pages: 1335
Preface
1. About OpenStax
2. About OpenStax Resources
3. About Anatomy and Physiology
4. Additional Resources
5. About the Authors
6. Special Thanks
Chapter 1. An Introduction to the Human Body
1.1. Overview of Anatomy and Physiology*
1.2. Structural Organization of the Human Body*
1.3. Functions of Human Life*
1.4. Requirements for Human Life*
1.5. Homeostasis*
1.6. Anatomical Terminology*
1.7. Medical Imaging*
Glossary
Chapter 2. The Chemical Level of Organization
2.1. Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter*
2.2. Chemical Bonds*
2.3. Chemical Reactions*
2.4. Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning*
2.5. Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning*
Glossary
Chapter 3. The Cellular Level of Organization
3.1. The Cell Membrane*
3.2. The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles*
3.3. The Nucleus and DNA Replication*
3.4. Protein Synthesis*
3.5. Cell Growth and Division*
3.6. Cellular Differentiation*
Glossary
Chapter 4. The Tissue Level of Organization
4.1. Types of Tissues*
4.2. Epithelial Tissue*
4.3. Connective Tissue Supports and Protects*
4.4. Muscle Tissue and Motion*
4.5. Nervous Tissue Mediates Perception and Response*
4.6. Tissue Injury and Aging*
Glossary
Chapter 5. The Integumentary System
5.1. Layers of the Skin*
5.2. Accessory Structures of the Skin*
5.3. Functions of the Integumentary System*
5.4. Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System*
Glossary
Chapter 6. Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System
6.1. The Functions of the Skeletal System*
6.2. Bone Classification*
6.3. Bone Structure*
6.4. Bone Formation and Development*
6.5. Fractures: Bone Repair*
6.6. Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue*
6.7. Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems*
Glossary
Chapter 7. Axial Skeleton
7.1. Divisions of the Skeletal System*
7.2. The Skull*
7.3. The Vertebral Column*
7.4. The Thoracic Cage*
7.5. Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton*
Glossary
Chapter 8. The Appendicular Skeleton
8.1. The Pectoral Girdle*
8.2. Bones of the Upper Limb*
8.3. The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis*
8.4. Bones of the Lower Limb*
8.5. Development of the Appendicular Skeleton*
Glossary
Chapter 9. Joints
9.1. Classification of Joints*
9.2. Fibrous Joints*
9.3. Cartilaginous Joints*
9.4. Synovial Joints*
9.5. Types of Body Movements*
9.6. Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints*
9.7. Development of Joints*
Glossary
Chapter 10. Muscle Tissue
10.1. Overview of Muscle Tissues*
10.2. Skeletal Muscle*
10.3. Muscle Fiber Contraction and Relaxation*
10.4. Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension*
10.5. Types of Muscle Fibers*
10.6. Exercise and Muscle Performance*
10.7. Cardiac Muscle Tissue*
10.8. Smooth Muscle*
10.9. Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue*
Glossary
Chapter 11. The Muscular System
11.1. Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems*
11.2. Naming Skeletal Muscles*
11.3. Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back*
11.4. Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall and Thorax*
11.5. Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs*
11.6. Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs*
Glossary
Chapter 12. The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
12.1. Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System*
12.2. Nervous Tissue*
12.3. The Function of Nervous Tissue*
12.4. The Action Potential*
12.5. Communication Between Neurons*
Glossary
Chapter 13. Anatomy of the Nervous System
13.1. The Embryologic Perspective*
13.2. The Central Nervous System*
13.3. Circulation and the Central Nervous System*
13.4. The Peripheral Nervous System*
Glossary
Chapter 14. The Somatic Nervous System
14.1. Sensory Perception*
14.2. Central Processing*
14.3. Motor Responses*
Glossary
Chapter 15. The Autonomic Nervous System
15.1. Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System*
15.2. Autonomic Reflexes and Homeostasis*
15.3. Central Control*
15.4. Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System*
Glossary
Chapter 16. The Neurological Exam
16.1. Overview of the Neurological Exam*
16.2. The Mental Status Exam*
16.3. The Cranial Nerve Exam*
16.4. The Sensory and Motor Exams*
16.5. The Coordination and Gait Exams*
Glossary
Chapter 17. The Endocrine System
17.1. An Overview of the Endocrine System*
17.2. Hormones*
17.3. The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus*
17.4. The Thyroid Gland*
17.5. The Parathyroid Glands*
17.6. The Adrenal Glands*
17.7. The Pineal Gland*
17.8. Gonadal and Placental Hormones*
17.9. The Endocrine Pancreas*
17.10. Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions*
17.11. Development and Aging of the Endocrine System*
Glossary
Chapter 18. The Cardiovascular System: Blood
18.1. An Overview of Blood*
18.2. Production of the Formed Elements*
18.3. Erythrocytes*
18.4. Leukocytes and Platelets*
18.5. Hemostasis*
18.6. Blood Typing*
Glossary
Chapter 19. The Cardiovascular System: The Heart
19.1. Heart Anatomy*
19.2. Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity*
19.3. Cardiac Cycle*
19.4. Cardiac Physiology*
19.5. Development of the Heart*
Glossary
Chapter 20. The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation
20.1. Structure and Function of Blood Vessels*
20.2. Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance*
20.3. Capillary Exchange*
20.4. Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System*
20.5. Circulatory Pathways*
20.6. Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation*
Glossary
Chapter 21. The Lymphatic and Immune System
21.1. Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems*
21.2. Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response*
21.3. The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types*
21.4. The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies*
21.5. The Immune Response against Pathogens*
21.6. Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses*
21.7. Transplantation and Cancer Immunology*
Glossary
Chapter 22. The Respiratory System
22.1. Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System*
22.2. The Lungs*
22.3. The Process of Breathing*
22.4. Gas Exchange*
22.5. Transport of Gases*
22.6. Modifications in Respiratory Functions*
22.7. Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System*
Glossary
Chapter 23. The Digestive System
23.1. Overview of the Digestive System*
23.2. Digestive System Processes and Regulation*
23.3. The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus*
23.4. The Stomach*
23.5. The Small and Large Intestines*
23.6. Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder*
23.7. Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look*
Glossary
Chapter 24. Metabolism and Nutrition
24.1. Overview of Metabolic Reactions*
24.2. Carbohydrate Metabolism*
24.3. Lipid Metabolism*
24.4. Protein Metabolism*
24.5. Metabolic States of the Body*
24.6. Energy and Heat Balance*
24.7. Nutrition and Diet*
Glossary
Chapter 25. The Urinary System
25.1. Physical Characteristics of Urine*
25.2. Gross Anatomy of Urine Transport*
25.3. Gross Anatomy of the Kidney*
25.4. Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney*
25.5. Physiology of Urine Formation*
25.6. Tubular Reabsorption*
25.7. Regulation of Renal Blood Flow*
25.8. Endocrine Regulation of Kidney Function*
25.9. Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition*
25.10. The Urinary System and Homeostasis*
Glossary
Chapter 26. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
26.1. Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments*
26.2. Water Balance*
26.3. Electrolyte Balance*
26.4. Acid-Base Balance*
26.5. Disorders of Acid-Base Balance*
Glossary
Chapter 27. The Reproductive System
27.1. Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System*
27.2. Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System*
27.3. Development of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems*
Glossary
Chapter 28. Development and Inheritance
28.1. Fertilization*
28.2. Embryonic Development*
28.3. Fetal Development*
28.4. Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth*
28.5. Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages*
28.6. Lactation*
28.7. Patterns of Inheritance*
Glossary
Solutions
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Chapter 27
Chapter 28
References
Index
Anatomy and Physiology.pdf
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