Author(s): Rob Seeley, Philip Tate, Trent D. Stephens
Edition: 8
Publisher: Mcgraw-Hill College
Year: 2007
Language: English
Pages: 1116
Cover Page
......Page 1
Title Page
......Page 2
Copyright Page
......Page 3
DEDICATION......Page 4
ABOUT THE AUTHORS......Page 5
BRIEF CONTENTS......Page 6
CONTENTS......Page 7
PREFACE......Page 11
1 The Human Organism......Page 24
Structural and Functional Organization......Page 25
Characteristics of Life......Page 29
Biomedical Research......Page 32
Terminology and the Body Plan......Page 35
2 The Chemical Basis of Life......Page 46
Basic Chemistry......Page 47
Intermolecular forces......Page 53
Chemical Reactions and Energy......Page 55
Inorganic Chemistry......Page 59
Organic Chemistry......Page 62
3 Cell Biology and Genetics......Page 78
Functions of the Cell......Page 79
Membrane Proteins......Page 81
Movement Through the Plasma Membrane......Page 87
Endocytosis and Exocytosis......Page 94
Cytoplasm......Page 99
The Nucleus and Cytoplasmic Organelles......Page 100
Genes and Gene Expression......Page 109
Cell Life Cycle......Page 114
Genetics......Page 116
4 Histology: The Study of Tissues......Page 132
Epithelial Tissue......Page 133
Connective Tissue......Page 143
Muscle Tissue......Page 157
Nervous Tissue......Page 159
Membranes......Page 160
Inflammation......Page 161
Tissue Repair......Page 163
Tissue and Aging......Page 165
5 Integumentary System......Page 172
Skin......Page 173
Hypodermis......Page 180
Accessory Skin Structures......Page 181
Summary of Integumentary System Functions......Page 186
Effects of Aging on the Integumentary System......Page 188
6 Skeletal System: Bones and Bone Tissue......Page 196
Cartilage......Page 197
Bone Histology......Page 198
Bone Anatomy......Page 203
Bone Development......Page 206
Bone Growth......Page 208
Bone Remodeling......Page 214
Bone Repair......Page 215
Calcium Homeostasis......Page 217
Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System......Page 221
7 Skeletal System: Gross Anatomy......Page 226
General Considerations......Page 227
Axial Skeleton......Page 229
Appendicular Skeleton......Page 256
8 Articulations and Movement......Page 275
Classes of Joints......Page 276
Types of Movement......Page 282
Description of Selected Joints......Page 286
Effects of Aging on the Joints......Page 295
9 Muscular System: Histology and Physiology......Page 301
Skeletal Muscle Structure......Page 302
Physiology of Skeletal Muscle Fibers......Page 308
Physiology of Skeletal Muscle......Page 318
Types of Muscle Contractions......Page 322
Fatigue......Page 324
Energy Sources......Page 326
Slow and Fast Fibers......Page 328
Smooth Muscle......Page 330
Cardiac Muscle......Page 334
Effects of Aging on Skeletal Muscle......Page 335
10 Muscular System: Gross Anatomy......Page 343
General Principles......Page 344
Head Muscles......Page 350
Trunk Muscles......Page 363
Upper Limb Muscles......Page 369
Lower Limb Muscles......Page 382
11 Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue......Page 397
Divisions of the Nervous System......Page 398
Cells of the Nervous System......Page 400
Electric Signals......Page 405
The Synapse......Page 417
Neuronal Pathways and Circuits......Page 427
12 Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves......Page 434
Spinal Cord......Page 435
Reflexes......Page 438
Structure of Peripheral Nerves......Page 444
Spinal Nerves......Page 445
13 Brain and Cranial Nerves......Page 466
Brainstem......Page 468
Diencephalon......Page 472
Cerebrum......Page 476
Meninges, Ventricles, and Cerebrospinal Fluid......Page 479
Blood Supply to the Brain......Page 484
Cranial Nerves......Page 485
14 Integration of Nervous System Functions......Page 499
Sensation......Page 500
Control of Skeletal Muscles......Page 513
Brainstem Functions......Page 521
Other Brain Functions......Page 523
Effects of Aging on the Nervous System......Page 529
15 The Special Senses......Page 537
Olfaction......Page 538
Taste......Page 541
Visual System......Page 544
Hearing and Balance......Page 565
Effects of Aging on the Special Senses......Page 579
16 Autonomic Nervous System......Page 587
Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System......Page 588
Physiology of the Autonomic Nervous System......Page 595
Regulation of the Autonomic Nervous System......Page 599
Functional Generalizations About the Autonomic Nervous System......Page 601
17 Functional Organization of the Endocrine System......Page 608
General Characteristics of the Endocrine System......Page 609
Control of Secretion Rate......Page 610
Transport and Distribution in the Body......Page 616
Metabolism and Excretion......Page 617
Interaction of Hormones with Their Target Tissues......Page 618
Classes of Receptors......Page 620
18 Endocrine Glands......Page 632
Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus......Page 633
Thyroid Gland......Page 642
Parathyroid Glands......Page 647
Adrenal Glands......Page 650
Pancreas......Page 655
Hormonal Regulation of Nutrients......Page 661
Hormones of the Reproductive System......Page 663
Hormones of the Pineal Body......Page 664
Hormonelike Substances......Page 665
Effects of Aging on the Endocrine System......Page 666
19 Cardiovascular System: Blood......Page 673
Functions of Blood......Page 674
Plasma......Page 675
Formed Elements......Page 676
Hemostasis......Page 685
Blood Grouping......Page 690
Diagnostic Blood Tests......Page 694
20 Cardiovascular System: The Heart......Page 701
Size, Shape, and Location of the Heart......Page 702
Anatomy of the Heart......Page 704
Route of Blood Flow Through the Heart......Page 710
Histology......Page 712
Electrical Properties......Page 715
Cardiac Cycle......Page 718
Mean Arterial Blood Pressure......Page 726
Regulation of the Heart......Page 728
Heart and Homeostasis......Page 730
Effects of Aging on the Heart......Page 734
21 Cardiovascular System: Peripheral Circulation and Regulation......Page 744
General Features of Blood Vessel Structure......Page 745
Systemic Circulation: Arteries......Page 751
Systemic Circulation: Veins......Page 762
Dynamics of Blood Circulation......Page 774
Physiology of Systemic Circulation......Page 778
Control of Blood Flow in Tissues......Page 784
Regulation of Mean Arterial Pressure......Page 788
22 Lymphatic System and Immunity......Page 805
Lymphatic System......Page 806
Innate Immunity......Page 815
Adaptive Immunity......Page 821
Immunotherapy......Page 837
Acquired Immunity......Page 839
Effects of Aging on the Lymphatic System and Immunity......Page 841
23 Respiratory System......Page 848
Anatomy and Histology of the Respiratory System......Page 849
Ventilation......Page 864
Measurement of Lung Function......Page 869
Physical Principles of Gas Exchange......Page 871
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood......Page 874
Regulation of Ventilation......Page 879
Effects of Aging on the Respiratory System......Page 886
24 Digestive System......Page 896
Functions of the Digestive System......Page 897
Histology of the Digestive Tract......Page 899
Regulation of the Digestive System......Page 900
Peritoneum......Page 901
Oral Cavity......Page 903
Swallowing......Page 909
Stomach......Page 911
Small Intestine......Page 919
Liver......Page 922
Gallbladder......Page 927
Pancreas......Page 928
Large Intestine......Page 930
Digestion, Absorption, and Transport......Page 935
Effects of Aging on the Digestive System......Page 943
25 Nutrition, Metabolism, and Temperature Regulation......Page 950
Nutrition......Page 951
Metabolism......Page 960
Carbohydrate Metabolism......Page 961
Lipid Metabolism......Page 969
Protein Metabolism......Page 971
Interconversion of Nutrient Molecules......Page 973
Metabolic States......Page 974
Metabolic Rate......Page 976
Body Temperature Regulation......Page 977
26 Urinary System......Page 984
Kidney Anatomy and Histology......Page 985
Urine Production......Page 993
Regulation of Urine Concentration and Volume......Page 1006
Plasma Clearance and Tubular Maximum......Page 1014
Urine Movement......Page 1015
Effects of Aging on the Kidneys......Page 1019
27 Water, Electrolytes, and Acid–Base Balance......Page 1027
Body Fluids......Page 1028
Regulation of Body Fluid Concentration and Volume......Page 1029
Regulation of Intracellular Fluid Composition......Page 1034
Regulation of Specific Electrolytes in the Extracellular Fluid......Page 1035
Regulation of Acid–Base Balance......Page 1043
28 Reproductive System......Page 1054
Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System......Page 1056
Physiology of Male Reproduction......Page 1068
Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System......Page 1072
Physiology of Female Reproduction......Page 1082
Effects of Aging on the Reproductive System......Page 1094
29 Development, Growth, and Aging......Page 1104
Prenatal Development......Page 1105
Parturition......Page 1127
The Newborn......Page 1129
Lactation......Page 1133
Life Stages......Page 1134
Aging......Page 1135
Death......Page 1136
A Periodic Table......Page 1140
B Scientific Notation......Page 1141
D pH......Page 1142
E Answers to Review and Comprehension Questions......Page 1143
F Answers to Critical Thinking Questions......Page 1144
G Answers to Predict Questions......Page 1163
GLOSSARY......Page 1182
CREDITS......Page 1214
INDEX......Page 1216