Ammonia in wastewater causes the eutrophication of water bodies and the subsequent depletion of dissolved oxygen. In addition, certain forms of nitrogen such as ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate are highly toxic to aquatic life. Although there are several biological and physical–chemical techniques for the removal of ammoniacal nitrogen compounds, including air stripping and breakpoint chlorination, which have been widely applied, a microbiological or microbe-based approach is attractive because it is based on sustainable technologies. In this regard, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria have recently gained great interest, specifically in wastewater treatment plants for the removal of ammoniacal nitrogen especially, owing to its relatively low capital cost, eco-friendliness, and high efficiency when compared with conventional cleanup technologies. This book provides specific and advanced knowledge on the microbial ecology of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and their diversity and functions in the treatment of toxic pollutants present in wastewater. The book thus serves as a valuable resource for engineers, scientists, and managers who require an excellent introductory and advanced knowledge of the field, professionals who are working or interested in the environmental microbiology or bioremediation field, and students learning about environmental biotechnology and microbiology.
Author(s): Maulin P. Shah
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 152
City: Singapore
Contents
Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria in Wastewater
1 Introduction
2 Microbial Characteristics of Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria
3 Factor Affecting the Activity of Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria in Wastewater
4 Role of Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria in Degradation of Micropollutants in Wastewater
5 Future Scope and Opportunities of Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria
References
Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria: Biochemical and Molecular Characteristics
1 Introduction
2 General Characteristics of Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria
2.1 Ecology of Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria
2.2 Parameters Affecting the Growth of Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria
3 Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria Diversity
3.1 Aerobic Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria
3.2 Anaerobic Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria
3.3 Complete Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria
4 Mechanism Underlying the Oxidation of Ammonia by Ammonia-Oxidizing Microorganisms
4.1 Main Enzymes of Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria
4.2 Molecular Detection and Identification of Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria
5 Conclusion
References
Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation Using Engineered Nanomaterials as Potential Modulators
1 Introduction
2 Metallic Nanoparticles
3 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
4 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Anammox Cell Biology, Metabolism, Growth, and Genetics
1 Introduction
2 Physical Properties of Inorganic Nitrogen Compounds
3 NH4+ and the Environment
4 Anammox Bacteria
4.1 Cell Biology
4.2 The Paryphoplasm
4.3 The Anammoxosome
4.4 The Anammoxosome as a Potential Organelle in Cell Biology
4.5 Energy Metabolism
4.6 The Anammoxosome and Growth
4.7 The Energy for Carbon Fixation
4.8 Metabolic Versatility of Anammox Bacteria
5 Genomics of Anammox Bacteria
5.1 Carbon Dioxide Fixation and Respiration
5.2 Versatile Lifestyle
5.3 The Unique Anammox Metabolism
5.4 The 16S rRNA Gene
5.5 Functional Markers
5.6 Ammonia Monooxygenase Genes
5.7 Genes Involved in Nitrogen Metabolism
5.8 Autotrophic Growth
References
Cultivation, Growth Physiology, and Chemotaxonomy of Nitrite-Oxidizing Bacteria
1 Introduction
2 Mysterious Prokaryotes: Cultivation and Growth Physiology of Nitrite-Oxidizing Bacteria
3 Chemotaxonomy and Biochemistry of Nob
3.1 Proteobacteria Bacterial Phylum
3.2 Chloroflexi Bacterial Phylum
3.3 Nitrospinae Bacterial Phylum
4 Conclusion
References
Current Perspectives of Anammox-Denitrification Technology and Its Application in Industrial Wastewater Treatment
1 Introduction
2 Mechanisms of Simultaneous Anammox-Denitrification
3 Parameters Affecting the Performance of Anammox-Denitrification
3.1 PH
3.2 Temperature
3.3 Carbon to Nitrogen Ratio (C/N)
3.4 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Oxidation–Reduction Potential (ORP)
4 Role of Kinetic Models
4.1 First-Order Kinetic Model
4.2 Grau Second-Order Model
4.3 Monod Model
5 Application of Anammox-Denitrification in Industrial Wastewater Treatment
6 Conclusion
References
Isolation, Physiological Characteristics, Ecological Importance, and Chemotaxonomy of Nitrite-Oxidizing Bacteria with Their Associated Genes in Nitrogen Fixation
1 Introduction
2 Isolation and Nutrient’s Requirement of NOB
2.1 Various Types of Media Required for the Growth of NOB
2.2 Isolation of NOB Cultures
3 Cultivation Procedure for NOB
4 Maintenance of NOB Cultures in Lab Conditions
5 Monitoring the Cultures
6 Phylogeny and Genes Associated with Nitrite Oxidation
7 Physiology Analysis of NOB
7.1 Short-Term Nitrifying Activity
7.2 Potential Nitrite-Oxidizing Activity
7.3 Short-Term Activity of a Marine Biofilter Consisting of Colonized Plastic Biocarriers
7.4 Potential Nitrifying Activity of Permafrost Soil
8 Chemotaxonomy Study of NOB
8.1 Biofilms
8.2 Analytical Procedures and Oxidation Kinetics
8.3 Fame
9 Contribution of NOB to Plant and Soil Health
10 Conclusion
References
Nitrogen Cycling in the Course of Biological Treatment of Wastewater in wetlands—An Analysis
1 Introduction
2 Importance of Nitrogen Cycling in Ecosystem
3 Importance of Nitrogen Cycling for Living Organisms
4 Nitrogen Cycling in a Water Body
5 Wastewater as a Rich Source of Nitrogen
5.1 By-Products of Nitrogen Retrieval from Wastewater
5.2 Nitrogen Discharges from Forests and Industries
5.3 Nitrogen Discharge from Fertilizer Industry
6 Septic Systems Might Cause Pollutant Productions like Nitrogen in Wastewater
7 Biological Treatment of Wastewater in Wetlands and Nitrogen Cycling
8 Conclusion
References
Recent Advances in the Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria
1 Introduction
2 Nitrogen Cycle
3 Growth and Structure of Bacteria
3.1 Growth of Bacteria
3.2 Structure of Bacteria
4 Reaction Mechanism and Enzymes Involved
4.1 Anammox Reaction Mechanism and Enzyme Involved
4.2 Comammox Reaction Mechanism and Enzyme Involved
5 Anammox Bacteria Process in Wastewater Mitigation, Resemblance with the Nitrogen Cycle
References
