Analytical Nebulizers: Fundamentals and Applications presents the fundamentals of analytical nebulizers, including types, aerosol generation, characterization, and design information of various classes of nebulizers such as nanonebulizers, multinebulizers, electrosprays, and ultrasonic nebulizers. The continuous development of new analytical techniques and materials make these technological approaches very interesting for those working in the industrial sector. In addition, although the book mainly focuses on the application of analytical nebulizers in analytical sciences, specifically in sample preparation, it is also useful to those in other disciplines (e.g. organic chemistry, catalysis, sensors, nanotechnology, biomedicine and nanomedicine, and environmental chemistry) where these nebulizers have great potential.
Non-conventional applications of nebulizers such as aerosol-assisted synthesis nanoparticles and ultrasonic nebulization extraction are also presented.
Author(s): Antonio Canals, Miguel Angel Aguirre, Mazaher Ahmadi
Publisher: Elsevier
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 274
City: Amsterdam
Analytical Nebulizers
Copyright
atl_0005466154_
atl_0005470430_
An introduction to nebulizers
Analytical nebulizers
Types of analytical nebulizers
Analytical nebulizers for sample introduction
Analytical nebulizers beyond sample introduction
Aerosol-assisted nanomaterial synthesis procedures
Nebulizer-based detectors
What this book provides for the readers
References
Types of nebulizers in plasma-based techniques: How to choose an appropriate nebulizer
Introduction
Types of nebulizers for plasma-based techniques
Ultrasonic nebulizer
Pneumatic nebulizers
Cross-flow nebulizers
Concentric nebulizers
Routine or unchallenging samples
Samples containing high amounts of solids
Small volume of samples
How to choose?
Fundamentals
Applications and future perspectives
References
Aerosol generation
Introduction
Fundamentals
Most commonly used analytical nebulizers
Aerosol generation mechanism
Pneumatic nebulizers
Ultrasonic nebulizers
Hydraulic nebulizers
Thermospray
Electrospray
Conclusions
References
Aerosol characterization
Introduction
Fundamentals
Droplet size and velocity distributions
Droplet size dispersion
Measurement of droplet size and velocity distributions
Mechanical methods
Optical methods
Fraunhofer laser diffraction
Planar dropsizing
Phase-Doppler particle analyzer
Interferometric laser imaging for droplet sizing
Experimental investigations using optical methods
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Nanonebulizers
Introduction
Design and fundamentals
Nanonebulizers in atomic spectrometric detectors
Nanonebulizers as an ionization source
Applications
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Multinebulizers
Introduction
Design and fundamentals
Liquid solution pneumatic nebulization in multichannel systems
Liquid solution ultrasonic nebulization in multichannel systems
Applications
Vapor generation in multichannel systems
Chemical vapor generation in multichannel systems with pneumatic nebulization
Chemical vapor generation in multichannel systems with ultrasonic nebulization
Photochemical vapor generation in multichannel systems
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Discrete droplet generation
Introduction
Design and fundamentals
Applications
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Electrospray
Introduction
Liquid nebulization by steady jetting: Basic physics and main parameters
Steady jetting by acceleration from a nearly quiescent source: The Taylor cone
The effect of ejections
Taylor cone-jets
Basic physics and equations
The driving electric field (Taylor)
The ejected charge rate (electric current)
The balance of surface stresses
The liquid momentum balance
Nondimensional equations
Taylor cone-jets: Scaling laws
Dominance of inertia, electrostatic suction, and tangential electric stress: The IE scaling law
Dominance of inertia and polar stress: The IP scaling law
Dominance of viscous forces, electrostatic suction, and tangential electric stress: The VE scaling law
Dominance of viscous forces, polar forces, and tangential electric stress: The VP scaling law
Other marginal scalings
Electrokinetics of electrospraying
Bulk equations
The surface charge layer: Debye's length
Applications in detection of virus-like particles
Relevance of the cone-jet mode
Electrospray-enabled electrical mobility measurements
Concluding remarks
References
Ultrasonic nebulizers
Introduction
Design and fundamentals
Droplet formation mechanism
Prediction of droplet size
Typical designs of USNs and desolvation systems
Additional effects of high aerosol loading
Applications
Aqueous solution nebulization for plasma OES and MS
Nebulization of organic liquids
Other spectroscopies: LIBS, AAS, and GD
Interface for hyphenated techniques
Direct chemical vapor generation techniques
Solution nebulization for ambient MS
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Applications in single-particle inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry
Introduction
Fundamentals of spICP-MS
Separation of the signal domains
Determination of the particle number concentration
Particle size determination by spICP-MS
Application and performance of different sample introduction systems for spICP-MS analysis
Pneumatic nebulizers/spray chamber systems
Microdroplet generation systems
Combined PN/MDG systems
Future perspectives
References
Application of online sample introduction systems for single-cell analysis with ICP-MS
Introduction
Fundamentals
Considerations for sc-ICP-MS experiments
Mass spectrometric features
Transport efficiency in sc-ICP-MS
Quantitative analysis
Applications
Single-cell analysis of constitutive elements
The incorporation of metal species in single cells
Metallodrugs in single cells
Nanoparticles in single cells
Analysis of biomarkers by sc-ICP-MS
Future perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Nonconventional applications of nebulizers: Nanomaterials synthesis
Introduction
Fundamentals
Liquid-phase aerosol-assisted nanomaterials synthesis
Pneumatic nebulization
Ultrasonic nebulization
Electrosynthesis nebulization
Spray pyrolysis
Gas-phase aerosol-assisted nanomaterial synthesis
Furnace generation
Glowing-wire aerosol generation
Spark-discharge generation
Plasma
Laser ablation
Applications
Metal nanoparticles
Metal oxide nanoparticles
Carbonaceous nanomaterials
Nanoporous materials
Nanocomposites and functional nanomaterials
Nanostructured thin films and nanocoatings
Future perspectives
References
Nebulizer-based detectors for liquid chromatography
Introduction
Pneumatic nebulizer
Thermospray nebulizer
Pneumatic micronebulizers
Hydraulic nebulizer
Low-pressure hydraulic nebulizer
High-pressure hydraulic nebulizer
Ultrasonic nebulizer
Electrospray
Fundamentals of nebulizer-based LC-detection techniques
General principles of nebulizer-based LC detectors
Evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD)
ELSD operating principles
ELSD response
Factors affecting ELSD response
Light sources
Mobile phase characteristics
Analyte chemical characteristics
Condensation nucleation light-scattering detection (CNLSD)
CNLSD operating principles
Factors influencing CNLSD response
Condensing fluid
Analyte characteristics and condensing fluid
Charged aerosol detector (CAD)
Operating principles
CAD response
Factors affecting CAD response
Analyte chemical characteristics
Mobile phase characteristics
HPLC-chip/MS technology
Application of nebulizer-based LC detectors
Pharmaceuticals
Food products
Environmental analysis
Conclusions and future trends
Acknowledgments
References
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