Analysis of Variance Designs: A Conceptual and Computational Approach with SPSS and SAS

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
TO THE INSTRUCTOR......Page 15
TO THE STUDENT......Page 17
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 18
SECTION 1 Research Foundations......Page 19
1.1 WHAT IS ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE?......Page 21
1.2 A BRIEF HISTORY OF ANOVA......Page 22
1.3.3 INDEPENDENT VARIABLE......Page 23
1.4 THE IMPORTANCE OF VARIATION......Page 24
1.5 EXPLORATORY RESEARCH AND HYPOTHESIS TESTING......Page 25
2.1.2 NOMINAL SCALES......Page 27
2.1.4 SUMMATIVE RESPONSE SCALES......Page 28
2.1.7 QUALITATIVE VERSUS QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT......Page 29
2.2 CENTRAL TENDENCY AND VARIABILITY......Page 30
2.3.3 FORMULA FOR THE MEAN......Page 31
2.5 THE MODE AS AMEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY......Page 33
2.7.1 GENERAL CONCEPTION OF THE VARIANCE......Page 34
2.7.2 DEFINING OR DEVIATIONAL FORMULA......Page 35
2.7.3 COMPUTATIONAL FORMULA FOR THE VARIANCE......Page 36
2.8 STANDARD DEVIATION AS AMEASURE OF VARIABILITY......Page 37
CHAPTER 2 EXERCISES......Page 38
SECTION 2 Foundations of Analysis of Variance......Page 39
3.2.1 A DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY......Page 41
3.2.3 THE DATA COLLECTED IN THE STUDY......Page 42
3.2.5 THE SUMMARY TABLE......Page 43
3.4.1 TOTAL SUM OF SQUARES......Page 44
3.4.2 BETWEEN-GROUPS SUM OF SQUARES......Page 45
3.4.3 WITHIN-GROUPS SUM OF SQUARES......Page 47
3.5.1 A BRIEF EXPLANATION OF DEGREES OF FREEDOM......Page 48
3.5.4 DEGREES OF FREEDOM FOR THE WITHIN-GROUPS (ERROR) VARIANCE......Page 49
3.6.3 MEAN SQUARE WITHIN GROUPS......Page 50
3.7 WHERE ALL THIS LEADS......Page 51
4.1.2 THE F RATIO AND R. A. FISHER......Page 52
4.2.2 THE SHAPE OF THE SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF F......Page 53
4.2.3 THE EXPECTED VALUE OF F......Page 54
4.4.1 THE TRADITIONAL 5 PERCENT BENCHMARK......Page 55
4.4.2 PROBABILITY OF F......Page 56
4.4.4 ALPHA LEVEL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 57
4.4.5 TYPE I AND TYPE II ERRORS......Page 58
4.5.2 OMEGA SQUARED......Page 59
4.5.3 ETA SQUARED......Page 60
4.5.5 COHEN’S d......Page 61
4.6 REPORTING THE RESULTS......Page 62
4.7.1 ALPHA LEVEL......Page 63
4.7.2 SAMPLE SIZE......Page 64
4.8.1 A BIT OF HISTORY......Page 65
4.8.2 THE RELATIONSHIP OF t AND F......Page 66
5.2.1 THE CONCEPT OF RESIDUAL OR ERROR VARIANCE......Page 67
5.2.3 SITUATIONS PRODUCING VIOLATIONS OF ERROR INDEPENDENCE......Page 68
5.2.6 SOLUTIONS TO VIOLATION OF INDEPENDENCE OF ERRORS......Page 69
5.3.1.1 Normal Distributions......Page 70
5.3.1.3 Distributions Exhibiting Kurtosis......Page 71
5.3.2 SITUATIONS PRODUCING VIOLATIONS OF THE ASSUMPTION OF NORMALITY OF ERRORS......Page 73
5.3.4.2 Statistical Approaches to Assess Normality......Page 74
5.4.2 SITUATIONS PRODUCING VIOLATIONS OF HOMOGENEITY OF VARIANCE......Page 75
5.4.3 ASSESSING FOR VIOLATIONS OF HOMOGENEITY OF VARIANCE......Page 76
5.4.4 SOLUTIONS FOR VIOLATIONS OF HOMOGENEITY OF VARIANCE......Page 77
5.5.1 SPSS DATA SCREENING......Page 78
5.5.3 SPSS OUTLIERS ANALYSIS......Page 81
5.5.4 SPSS NORMALITY ANALYSIS......Page 84
5.5.5 SPSS HOMOGENEITY OF VARIANCE ANALYSIS......Page 86
5.6.1 SAS DATA SCREENING......Page 88
5.6.3 SAS OUTLIERS ANALYSIS......Page 94
5.6.4 SAS NORMALITY ANALYSIS......Page 98
5.6.5 SAS HOMOGENEITY OF VARIANCE ANALYSIS......Page 99
5.7 COMMUNICATING THE RESULTS......Page 101
CHAPTER 5 EXERCISES......Page 102
SECTION 3 Between-Subjects Designs......Page 103
6.2 A NUMERICAL EXAMPLE......Page 105
6.3 PARTITIONING THE TOTAL VARIANCE INTO ITS SOURCES......Page 107
6.4.3 EFFECT OF INTEREST IN THIS DESIGN......Page 108
6.5.1 TERMINOLOGY AND NOTATION......Page 109
6.5.2 SOURCES OF VARIANCE......Page 110
6.5.3.1 Sum of Squares for the Treatment Effect (Between-Groups Variance): SSA......Page 111
6.5.4.1 Degrees of Freedom for Total Variance......Page 112
6.5.5 MEAN SQUARES......Page 113
6.5.7 STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF F......Page 114
6.5.7 ETA SQUARED......Page 115
6.6.1 THE DATA FILE......Page 116
6.6.4 OPENING THE MAIN ONE-WAY ANOVA DIALOG WINDOW......Page 117
6.6.5 THE OPTIONS WINDOW......Page 118
6.7.2 HOMOGENEITY TEST......Page 119
6.8.3 PERFORMING THE OMNIBUS ANALYSIS......Page 120
6.9.1 BRIEF OVERVIEWOF THE GENERAL LINEARMODEL......Page 125
6.9.2 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS......Page 126
6.9.4 SUMMARY TABLE......Page 127
6.10 COMMUNICATING THE RESULTS......Page 128
CHAPTER 6 EXERCISES......Page 129
7.2 PLANNED VERSUS UNPLANNED COMPARISONS......Page 130
7.3 PAIRWISE VERSUS COMPOSITE COMPARISONS......Page 131
7.4 ORTHOGONAL VERSUS NONORTHOGONAL COMPARISONS......Page 132
7.5.2 APPLYING THE CONCEPT OF POWER......Page 133
7.5.3 THE CONTINUUM OF POWER......Page 134
7.6.1 NUMBER OF COMPARISONS POSSIBLE......Page 135
7.7.1 POST HOC COMPARISONS......Page 136
7.7.4 USER-DEFINED CONTRASTS......Page 137
7.8.2 THE SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS UNDERLYING POST HOC TESTS......Page 138
7.8.3 A ROUGH GROUPING OF THE TESTS......Page 141
7.8.4 SOME GUIDELINES IN SELECTING TESTS......Page 143
7.9 COMPUTING A TUKEY HSD TEST BY HAND......Page 144
7.10 PERFORMING A TUKEY HSD TEST IN SPSS......Page 146
7.11 THE TUKEY HSD OUTPUT FROM SPSS......Page 147
7.12 PERFORMING A TUKEY HSD TEST IN SAS......Page 150
7.13 THE TUKEY HSD OUTPUT FROM SAS......Page 152
7.15.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PRESET CONTRASTS......Page 153
7.15.1.2 Pairwise/Nonpairwise......Page 154
7.15.2.3 Dunnett Contrasts......Page 156
7.16 PERFORMING SIMPLE CONTRASTS IN SPSS......Page 157
7.17 THE SIMPLE CONTRASTS OUTPUT FROM SPSS......Page 159
7.19 THE SIMPLE CONTRASTS OUTPUT FROM SAS......Page 161
7.20 COMMUNICATING THE SIMPLE CONTRAST RESULTS......Page 162
7.21.2 THE SHAPE OF THE FUNCTIONS......Page 163
7.21.3 TYING TREND ANALYSIS TO ANOVA......Page 164
7.21.4 PARTITIONING THE BETWEEN-GROUPS VARIANCE......Page 166
7.21.5 OUR EXAMPLE STUDY......Page 167
7.22.1 LINEAR SUM OF SQUARES CALCULATION......Page 168
7.22.2 CALCULATING A NONLINEAR OR QUADRATIC TREND......Page 169
7.23 PERFORMING POLYNOMIAL CONTRASTS (TREND ANALYSIS) IN SPSS......Page 170
7.24 OUTPUT FOR POLYNOMIAL CONTRASTS (TREND ANALYSIS) IN SPSS......Page 172
7.26 USER-DEFINED CONTRASTS......Page 173
7.26.2 RULES FOR ASSIGNING COEFFICIENTS/WEIGHTS......Page 174
7.27 PERFORMING USER-DEFINED (PLANNED) COMPARISONS BY HAND......Page 176
7.27.1 HYPOTHESIS 1......Page 177
7.27.2 HYPOTHESIS 2......Page 178
7.27.3 HYPOTHESIS 3......Page 179
7.28 PERFORMING USER-DEFINED CONTRASTS IN SPSS......Page 180
7.29 OUTPUT FROM USER-DEFINED CONTRASTS ANALYSIS IN SPSS......Page 181
7.31 PERFORMING USER-DEFINED CONTRASTS (PLANNED COMPARISONS) IN SAS......Page 182
7.32 OUTPUT FOR PLANNED COMPARISONS IN SAS......Page 185
7.33 COMMUNICATING THE RESULTS OF THE PLANNED COMPARISONS......Page 186
7.34 PERFORMING POLYNOMIAL CONTRASTS (TREND ANALYSIS) IN SAS......Page 187
7.35 OUTPUT FOR POLYNOMIAL CONTRASTS (TREND ANALYSIS) IN SAS......Page 188
CHAPTER 7 EXERCISES......Page 189
8.1.2 COMBINING INDEPENDENT VARIABLES IN A SINGLE DESIGN......Page 190
8.2 A NUMERICAL EXAMPLE......Page 191
8.3.1 THE SUMMARY TABLE......Page 192
8.3.3 MEAN SQUARE, F RATIO, AND ETA SQUARED......Page 193
8.4.3 INTERACTION OF THE TWO INDEPENDENT VARIABLES......Page 194
8.5.1 THE NATURE OF AN INTERACTION......Page 195
8.5.2 SIMPLE EFFECTS ANALYSIS......Page 196
8.7.1 NOTATION......Page 198
8.7.2 CALCULATING SUM OF SQUARES......Page 200
8.7.5 EVALUATING THE F RATIOS......Page 202
8.8 COMPUTING SIMPLE EFFECTS BY HAND......Page 203
8.8.1 SIMPLE EFFECTS OF A AT b1......Page 204
8.8.2 SIMPLE EFFECTS OF A AT b2......Page 205
8.9.2 STRUCTURING THE ANALYSIS......Page 206
8.10 SPSS OUTPUT FOR THE OMNIBUS ANALYSIS......Page 208
8.11.2 SIMPLE EFFECTS ANALYSES FOR THE INTERACTION......Page 211
8.12.2 SIMPLE EFFECTS ANALYSES: RESIDE......Page 215
8.12.3 MAPPING SIMPLE EFFECTS ANALYSES TO THE GRAPH OF THE INTERACTION......Page 216
8.12.4 MAIN EFFECTS POST HOC ANALYSES: RESIDE......Page 217
8.13.1 IMPORTING THE DATA FILE......Page 218
8.13.2 STRUCTURING THE ANALYSIS......Page 219
8.14 SAS OUTPUT FOR THE OMNIBUS ANALYSIS......Page 222
8.15 PERFORMING THE POST-ANOVA ANALYSES IN SAS......Page 224
8.16.1 POST HOC ON THE MAIN EFFECT......Page 225
8.16.2 SIMPLE EFFECTS ANALYSES......Page 226
CHAPTER 8 EXERCISES......Page 227
9.1 A NUMERICAL EXAMPLE OF A THREE-WAY DESIGN......Page 229
9.2.1 THE SUMMARY TABLE......Page 230
9.2.3 THERE ARE THREE TWO-WAY INTERACTIONS......Page 231
9.2.4 THE THREE-WAY INTERACTION......Page 232
9.3 COMPUTING THE PORTIONS OF THE SUMMARY TABLE......Page 233
9.4 PRECEDENCE OF EFFECTS: HIGHER-ORDER INTERACTIONS, LOWER-ORDER INTERACTIONS, MAIN EFFECTS......Page 234
9.5 COMPUTING BY HAND THE OMNIBUS THREE-WAY BETWEEN-SUBJECT ANALYSIS......Page 235
9.6.1 STRUCTURING THE DATA FILE......Page 236
9.6.2 STRUCTURING THE ANALYSIS......Page 238
9.7 SPSS OUTPUT FOR THE OMNIBUS ANALYSIS......Page 240
9.8 PERFORMING THE POST-ANOVA ANALYSES IN SPSS......Page 242
9.8.2 SIMPLE EFFECTS ANALYSES FOR THE THREE-WAY INTERACTION......Page 243
9.9.1 SIMPLE EFFECTS ANALYSES: POLITICAL PREFERENCE......Page 246
9.9.3 MAPPING SIMPLE EFFECTS ANALYSES TO THE GRAPH OF THE INTERACTION......Page 247
9.10.1 STRUCTURING THE DATA FILE......Page 249
9.10.2 STRUCTURING THE ANALYSIS......Page 251
9.11 SAS OUTPUT FOR THE OMNIBUS ANALYSIS......Page 255
9.12 PERFORMING THE POST-ANOVA ANALYSES IN SAS......Page 256
9.13.2 SIMPLE EFFECTS ANALYSES......Page 258
9.14 COMMUNICATING THE RESULTS......Page 260
CHAPTER 9 EXERCISES......Page 261
SECTION 4 Within-Subjects Designs......Page 263
10.2 NOMENCLATURE......Page 265
10.3.1 VARIABLES MARKING TIME......Page 266
10.4 THE ISSUE OF CARRY-OVER EFFECTS......Page 267
10.5.2 BETWEEN-SUBJECTS VARIANCE IN A WITHIN-SUBJECTS DESIGN......Page 269
10.5.3 WITHIN-SUBJECTS VARIANCE IN A WITHIN-SUBJECTS DESIGN......Page 270
10.7.1 OMNIBUS EFFECTS......Page 271
10.8 THE ERROR TERM IN A ONE-WAY WITHIN-SUBJECTS DESIGN......Page 272
10.9.1 SUM OF SQUARES......Page 274
10.9.3 CALCULATING MEAN SQUARES AND F RATIO......Page 276
10.10.1 DESIGNATING THE COMPARISONS OF INTEREST......Page 277
10.10.2 COMPUTATIONS FOR A WITHIN-GROUP PAIRWISE COMPARISON......Page 279
10.11.1 STRUCTURING THE DATA FILE......Page 280
10.11.2 DEFINING THE WITHIN-SUBJECTS VARIABLE......Page 281
10.12.1 CODING AND DESCRIPTION......Page 284
10.12.2 EVALUATING SPHERICITY......Page 286
10.12.3 EVALUATING THE EFFECT OF THE WITHIN-SUBJECTS VARIABLE......Page 287
10.13 PERFORMING THE POST-ANOVA ANALYSIS IN SPSS......Page 288
10.14 SPSS OUTPUT FOR THE POST-ANOVA ANALYSIS......Page 289
10.15.2 THE UNIVARIATE (STACKED) STRUCTURE USED FOR REPEATED MEASURES BY SAS ENTERPRISE GUIDE......Page 291
10.16 PERFORMING THE OMNIBUS ANALYSIS IN SAS......Page 293
10.17 SAS OUTPUT FOR THE OMNIBUS ANALYSIS......Page 297
10.19 SAS OUTPUT FOR THE POST-ANOVA ANALYSIS......Page 298
CHAPTER 10 EXERCISES......Page 303
11.1 COMBINING TWO WITHIN-SUBJECTS FACTORS......Page 305
11.3.1 BETWEEN-SUBJECTS EFFECTS......Page 306
11.4.1 MAIN EFFECTS......Page 307
11.5.1 THE MAIN EFFECT OF VEHICLE......Page 308
11.6 COMPUTING THE OMNIBUS TWO-FACTOR WITHIN-SUBJECTS ANOVA BY HAND......Page 309
11.6.1 CALCULATING SUMS OF SQUARES......Page 311
11.6.2 CALCULATING DEGREES OF FREEDOM......Page 313
11.6.4 EVALUATING THE F RATIOS......Page 314
Simple Comparisons......Page 315
Main Comparisons......Page 316
11.7.1 STRUCTURING THE DATA FILE......Page 317
11.7.2 STRUCTURING THE DATA ANALYSIS......Page 318
11.8 SPSS OUTPUT FOR THE OMNIBUS ANALYSIS......Page 323
11.9.1 DETERMINING THE EFFECTS TO BE SIMPLIFIED......Page 326
11.9.3 MAIN EFFECT PAIRED COMPARISONS......Page 327
11.10.1 INTERACTION SIMPLE EFFECTS......Page 329
11.11.1 STRUCTURING THE DATA FILE......Page 331
11.11.2 STRUCTURING THE DATA ANALYSIS......Page 333
11.12 SAS OUTPUT FROM THE OMNIBUS ANALYSIS......Page 336
11.14 SAS OUTPUT FROM THE SIMPLE EFFECTS ANALYSIS......Page 338
11.16 SAS OUTPUT FROM THE POST HOC ANALYSIS......Page 339
CHAPTER 11 EXERCISES......Page 341
12.1 A NUMERICAL EXAMPLE OF A THREE-WAY WITHIN-SUBJECTS DESIGN......Page 343
12.3 EFFECTS OF INTEREST IN THIS DESIGN......Page 344
12.6.1 STRUCTURING THE DATA FILE......Page 347
12.6.2 STRUCTURING THE DATA ANALYSIS......Page 351
12.7 SPSS OUTPUT FOR THE OMNIBUS ANALYSIS......Page 355
12.8 PERFORMING THE POST-ANOVA ANALYSIS IN SPSS......Page 359
12.9.1 INTERACTION SIMPLE EFFECTS......Page 361
12.10.1 STRUCTURING THE DATA FILE......Page 363
12.10.2 STRUCTURING THE DATA ANALYSIS......Page 365
12.12 PERFORMING THE SIMPLE EFFECTS ANALYSIS IN SAS......Page 367
12.13 SAS OUTPUT FROM THE SIMPLE EFFECTS ANALYSIS......Page 370
12.14 PERFORMING THE POST HOC ANALYSIS IN SAS......Page 371
12.15 SAS OUTPUT FROM THE POST HOC ANALYSIS......Page 373
CHAPTER 12 EXERCISES......Page 375
SECTION 5 Mixed Designs......Page 377
13.1 COMBINING BETWEEN-SUBJECTS AND WITHIN-SUBJECTS FACTORS......Page 379
13.2 A NUMERICAL EXAMPLE OF A SIMPLEMIXED DESIGN......Page 380
13.3 EFFECTS OF INTEREST......Page 381
13.4 COMPUTING THE OMNIBUS ANALYSIS BY HAND......Page 382
13.4.1 SUM OF SQUARES......Page 384
13.4.2 CALCULATING DEGREES OF FREEDOM......Page 385
13.4.3 CALCULATING MEAN SQUARES AND F RATIOS......Page 386
13.5.2 STRUCTURING THE DATA ANALYSIS......Page 387
13.7.1 POST HOC TUKEY TEST......Page 390
13.8 OUTPUT FOR THE POST-ANOVA ANALYSIS IN SPSS......Page 395
13.9.1 STRUCTURING THE DATA FILE......Page 397
13.9.2 STRUCTURING THE DATA ANALYSIS......Page 398
13.11 PERFORMING THE SIMPLE EFFECTS ANALYSIS IN SAS......Page 403
13.13 PERFORMING THE POST HOC ANALYSIS IN SAS......Page 405
13.14 SAS OUTPUT FROM THE POST HOC ANALYSIS......Page 406
CHAPTER 13 EXERCISES......Page 407
14.2 A NUMERICAL EXAMPLE OF A COMPLEX MIXED DESIGN......Page 409
14.4 COMPUTING THE OMNIBUS COMPLEX MIXED DESIGN BY HAND......Page 411
14.5.1 STRUCTURING THE DATA FILE......Page 414
14.5.2 STRUCTURING THE DATA ANALYSIS......Page 415
14.6 SPSS OUTPUT OF THE OMNIBUS ANALYSIS......Page 419
14.7 PERFORMING THE POST-ANOVA ANALYSIS IN SPSS......Page 420
14.8 SPSS OUTPUT OF THE OMNIBUS ANALYSIS......Page 422
14.9.1 STRUCTURING THE DATA FILE......Page 424
14.9.2 STRUCTURING THE DATA ANALYSIS......Page 425
14.10 SAS OUTPUT OF THE OMNIBUS ANALYSIS......Page 428
14.12 SAS OUTPUT FROM THE SIMPLE EFFECTS ANALYSIS......Page 429
14.13 COMMUNICATING THE RESULTS......Page 432
CHAPTER 14 EXERCISES......Page 436
15.1 A NUMERICAL EXAMPLE OF A COMPLEX MIXED DESIGN......Page 438
15.2 EFFECTS OF INTEREST......Page 439
15.4.1 STRUCTURING THE DATA FILE......Page 442
15.4.2 STRUCTURING THE DATA ANALYSIS......Page 444
15.5 SPSS OUTPUT OF THE OMNIBUS ANALYSIS......Page 448
15.6 PERFORMING THE POST-ANOVA ANALYSIS IN SPSS......Page 450
15.7 OUTPUT FOR THE POST-ANOVA ANALYSIS IN SPSS......Page 452
15.8.1 STRUCTURING THE DATA FILE......Page 456
15.8.2 STRUCTURING THE DATA ANALYSIS......Page 457
15.10 PERFORMING THE POST-ANOVA ANALYSIS IN SAS......Page 462
15.11 OUTPUT FOR THE POST-ANOVA ANALYSIS IN SAS......Page 463
CHAPTER 15 EXERCISES......Page 467
SECTION 6 Advanced Topics......Page 469
16.2 A SIMPLE ILLUSTRATION OF COVARIANCE......Page 471
16.3 THE EFFECT OF A COVARIATE ON GROUP DIFFERENCES......Page 472
16.4 THE PROCESS OF PERFORMING ANCOVA......Page 473
16.4.2 ADJUSTING THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE VALUES......Page 474
16.4.4 EXAMINING MEAN DIFFERENCES IN ANCOVA......Page 475
16.5.1 LINEARITY OF REGRESSION......Page 476
16.5.2 HOMOGENEITY OF REGRESSION......Page 478
16.6.1 A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF OUR EXAMPLE......Page 479
16.8.1 LINEARITY OF REGRESSION......Page 481
16.8.2 HOMOGENEITY OF REGRESSION......Page 484
16.9.1 STRUCTURING THE COVARIANCE ANALYSIS......Page 488
16.9.2 THE OUTPUT OF THE COVARIANCE ANALYSIS......Page 490
16.10 PERFORMING THE ANOVA IN SAS......Page 491
16.11.1 LINEARITY OF REGRESSION......Page 493
16.11.2 HOMOGENEITY OF REGRESSION......Page 497
16.12.1 STRUCTURING THE COVARIANCE ANALYSIS......Page 499
16.13 COMMUNICATING THE RESULTS......Page 503
CHAPTER 16 EXERCISES......Page 504
17.1.1 SIMPLE EFFECTS ANALYSES......Page 506
17.1.2 INTERACTION CONTRASTS......Page 507
17.2.1 FIXED EFFECTS......Page 508
17.2.4 GENERALIZABILITY ISSUES......Page 509
17.3 NESTED DESIGNS......Page 512
17.4 LATIN SQUARES......Page 513
17.5 UNEQUAL SAMPLE SIZE......Page 514
17.6 MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (MANOVA)......Page 515
Appendixes......Page 517
A.2 DIFFERENT KINDS OF FILES AND THEIR EXTENSIONS......Page 519
A.3 OPENING SPSS......Page 520
A.5 SETTING PREFERENCES......Page 521
A.5.1 GENERAL TAB......Page 522
A.5.3 OUTPUT LABELS TAB......Page 523
A.6 CREATING NEW DATA FILES IN SPSS......Page 524
A.7.1 VARIABLE NAMES......Page 525
A.7.3 VALUE LABELS......Page 526
A.7.4 VALID AND MISSING VALUES......Page 528
A.9 READING DATA FROM AN EXCEL WORKSHEET......Page 531
A.10 READING DATA FROMA TEXT FILE......Page 532
A.10.1 STEP 1......Page 533
A.10.2 STEP 2......Page 534
A.10.4 STEP 4......Page 536
A.10.6 STEP 6......Page 538
A.12 THE MAIN SPSS MENU......Page 539
A.13 PERFORMING STATISTICAL PROCEDURES IN SPSS......Page 540
A.13.2 THE ARROWBUTTONS......Page 541
A.13.3 THE PROCEDURE-SPECIFIC PUSHBUTTONS......Page 542
A.13.4 THE ALWAYS-PRESENT PUSHBUTTONS......Page 543
A.14.1 WHAT THE OUTPUT LOOKS LIKE......Page 544
A.14.3 SAVING THE SPSS OUTPUT FILE AS A PDF DOCUMENT......Page 545
A.14.4 SAVING NONEDITABLE SPSS OUTPUT TABLES IN MICROSOFT WORD......Page 546
A.14.5 SAVING EDITABLE SPSS OUTPUT TABLES IN MICROSOFT WORD......Page 547
B.2 INSTALLING ENTERPRISE GUIDE ON YOUR COMPUTER......Page 549
B.3 OPENING SAS ENTERPRISE GUIDE......Page 550
B.4 ENTERING DATA DIRECTLY INTO SAS ENTERPRISE GUIDE......Page 551
B.6 CONSTRUCTING YOUR DATA FILE IN EXCEL......Page 556
B.7 IMPORTING DATA FROM EXCEL......Page 557
B.8 THE MAIN SASMENU......Page 560
B.9.1 THE VARIABLES TO ASSIGN PANEL......Page 562
B.9.2 OTHER CHOICES IN THE NAVIGATION PANEL......Page 563
B.10 SAS ENTERPRISE GUIDE OUTPUT......Page 564
B.11 SAVING THE SAS OUTPUT FILE AS A PDF DOCUMENT......Page 565
B.12 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES......Page 568
APPENDIX C Table of Critical F Values......Page 569
APPENDIX D Deviational Formula for Sums of Squares......Page 573
APPENDIX E Coefficients of Orthogonal Polynomials......Page 577
APPENDIX F Critical Values of the Studentized Range Statistic......Page 578
References......Page 579
Author Index......Page 585
Subject Index......Page 587