Analysis of ASME Boiler, Pressure Vessel, and Nuclear Components in the Creep Range

Analysis of ASME Boiler, Pressure Vessel, and Nuclear Components in the Creep Range
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgement for the Original Edition
Acknowledgement for this Edition
Abbreviations for Organizations
1 Basic Concepts
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Creep in Metals
1.2.1 Description and Measurement
1.2.2 Elevated Temperature Material Behavior
1.2.3 Creep Characteristics
1.3 Allowable Stress
1.3.1 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
1.3.2 European Standard EN 13445
1.4 Creep Properties
1.4.1 ASME Code Methodology
1.4.2 Larson-Miller Parameter
1.4.3 Omega Method
1.4.4 Negligible Creep Criteria
1.4.5 Environmental Effects
1.4.6 Monkman-Grant Strain
1.5 Required Pressure-Retaining Wall Thickness
1.5.1 Design by Rule
1.5.2 Design by Analysis
1.5.3 Approximate Methods
1.5.3.1 Stationary Creep – Elastic Analog
1.5.3.2 Reference Stress
1.6 Effects of Structural Discontinuities and Cyclic Loading
1.6.1 Elastic Follow-Up
1.6.2 Pressure-Induced Discontinuity Stresses
1.6.3 Shakedown and Ratcheting
1.6.4 Fatigue and Creep-Fatigue
1.6.4.1 Linear Life Fraction – Time Fraction
1.6.4.2 Ductility Exhaustion
1.7 Buckling and Instability
Problems
2 Axially Loaded Structural Members
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Stress Analysis
2.3 Design of Structural Components Using ASME I and VIII-1 as a Guide
2.4 Temperature Effect
2.5 Design of Structural Components Using ASME I, III-5, and VIII as a Guide – Creep Life and Deformation Limits
2.6 Reference Stress Method
2.7 Elastic Follow-up
Problems
3 Structural Members in Bending
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Bending of Beams
3.2.1 Rectangular Cross Sections
3.2.2 Circular Cross Sections
3.3 Shape Factors
3.3.1 Rectangular Cross Sections
3.3.2 Circular Cross Sections
3.4 Deflection of Beams
3.5 Stress Analysis
3.5.1 Commercial Programs
3.6 Reference Stress Method
3.7 Piping Analysis – ASME B31.1 and B31.3
3.7.1 Introduction
3.7.2 Design Categories and Allowable Stresses
3.7.2.1 Pressure Design
3.7.2.2 Sustained and Occasional Loading
3.7.2.3 Thermal Expansion
3.7.3 Creep Effects
3.7.3.1 Weld Strength Reduction Factors
3.7.3.2 Elastic Follow-Up
3.7.3.3 Cyclic Life Degradation
3.8 Circular Plates
Problem
4 Analysis of ASME Pressure Vessel Components: Load-Controlled Limits
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Design Thickness
4.2.1 ASME I
4.2.2 ASME VIII
4.3 Stress Categories
4.3.1 Primary Stress
4.3.1.1 General Primary Membrane Stress (Pm)
4.3.1.2 Local Primary Membrane Stress (PL)
4.3.1.3 Primary Bending Stress (Pb)
4.3.2 Secondary Stress, Q
4.3.3 Peak Stress, F
4.3.4 Separation of Stresses
4.3.5 Thermal Stress
4.4 Equivalent Stress Limits for Design and Operating Conditions
4.5 Load-Controlled Limits for Components Operating in the Creep Range
4.6 Reference Stress Method
4.6.1 Cylindrical Shells
4.6.2 Spherical Shells
Problems
5 Analysis of Components: Strain and Deformation-Controlled Limits
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Strain and Deformation-Controlled Limits
5.3 Elastic Analysis
5.3.1 Test A-1
5.3.2 Test A-2
5.3.3 Test A-3
5.4 Simplified Inelastic Analysis
5.4.1 Tests B-1 and B-2
5.4.2 Test B-1
5.4.3 Test B-2
Problems
6 Creep-Fatigue Analysis
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Creep-Fatigue Evaluation Using Elastic Analysis
6.3 Welded Components
6.4 Variable Cyclic Loads
6.5 Equivalent Stress Range Determination
6.5.1 Equivalent Strain Range Determination – Applicable to Rotating Principal Strains
6.5.2 Equivalent Strain Range Determination – Applicable When Principal Strains Do Not Rotate
6.5.3 Equivalent Strain Range Determination – Acceptable Alternate When Performing Elastic Analysis
6.5.3.1 Constant Principal Stress Direction
6.5.3.2 Rotating Principal Stress Direction
6.5.3.3 Variable Cycles
Problems
7 Creep-Fatigue Analysis Using the Remaining Life Method
7.1 Basic Equations
7.2 Equations for Creep-Fatigue Interaction
7.3 Equations for Constructing Ishochronous Stress-Strain Curves
8 Nuclear Components Operating in the Creep Regime
8.1 Introduction
8.2 High Temperature Reactor Characteristics
8.3 Materials and Design of Class A Components
8.3.1 Materials
8.3.1.1 Thermal Aging Effects
8.3.1.2 Creep-Fatigue Acceptance Test
8.3.1.3 Restricted Material Specifications to Improve Performance
8.3.2 Design by Analysis
8.3.2.1 Equivalent Stress Definition
8.3.2.2 Rules for Bolting
8.3.2.3 Weldment Strength Reduction Factors
8.3.2.4 Constitutive Models for Inelastic Analysis
8.3.2.5 A-1, A-2, and A-3 Test Order
8.3.2.6 Determination of Relaxation Stress, Sr
8.3.2.7 Buckling and Instability
8.3.2.8 D Diagram Differences
8.3.2.9 Isochronous Stress-Strain Curve Differences
8.3.3 Component Design Rules
8.4 Class B Components
8.4.1 Materials
8.4.2 Design
8.5 Core Support Structures
9 Members in Compression
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Construction of External Pressure Charts (EPC) Using Isochronous Stress-Strain Curves
9.3 Cylindrical Shells Under Axial Compression
9.4 Cylindrical Shells Under External Pressure
9.5 Spherical Shells Under External Pressure
9.6 Design of Structural Columns
9.7 Construction of External Pressure Charts (EPC) Using the Remaining Life Method
Appendix A: ASME VIII-2 Supplemental Rules for Creep Analysis
Case 2843-2
Analysis of Class 2 Components in the Time-Dependent Regime
Section VIII, Division 2
1 Scope
2 Strain Deformation Method
3 Materials and other Properties
3.1 Materials
3.2 Weld Materials
3.3 Design Fatigue Strain Range
3.4 Stress Values
3.5 Stress Terms
4 Design Criteria
4.1 Short-Term Loads
5 Load-Controlled Limits
5.1 Design Load Limits
5.2 Operating Load Limits
6 Strain Limits
6.1 Test A-1 Alternative Rules if Creep Effects are Negligible
6.2 Strain Limits – Elastic Analysis
6.2.1 General Requirements
6.2.2 Test A-2
6.2.3 Test A-3
6.3 Strain Limits – Simplified Inelastic Analysis
6.3.1 General Requirements
6.3.2 General Requirements for Tests B-1 and B-2
6.3.3 Applicability of Tests B-1 and B-2
6.3.3.1 Test B-1
6.3.3.2 Test B-2
6.4 Strain Limits – Inelastic Analysis
7 Creep Fatigue Evaluation
7.1 General Requirements
7.2 Creep Fatigue Procedure
7.2.1 Creep Procedure
7.2.2 Fatigue Procedure
7.2.3 Creep-Fatigue Interaction
8 Nomenclature
Appendix B: Equations for Average Isochronous Stress-Strain Curves
B.1 Type 304 Stainless Steel Material
B.1.1 304 Customary Units
B.1.2 304 SI Units
B.2 Type 316 Stainless Steel Material
B.2.1 316 Customary Units
B.2.2 316 SI Units
B.3 Low Alloy 2.25Cr–1Mo Annealed Steel
B.3.1 2.25Cr–1Mo Customary Units
B.3.2 2.25 Cr–1Mo Steel SI Units
B.4 Low Alloy 9Cr–1Mo-V Steel
B.4.1 9Cr–1Mo-V Customary Units
B.4.2 9Cr–1Mo-V SI Units
B.5 Nickel Alloy 800H
B.5.1 Alloy 800H Customary Units
B.5.2 Alloy 800H SI Units
Appendix C: Equations for Tangent Modulus, Et
C.1 Tangent Modulus, Et
C.2 Type 304 Stainless Steel Material
Appendix D: Background of the Bree Diagram
D.1 Basic Bree Diagram Derivation
Zone E
Zone S1
Zone S2
Zone P
Zone R1
Zone R2
Appendix E: Factors for the Remaining Life Method
Appendix F: Conversion Factors
References
Bibliography of Some Publications Related to Creep in Addition to Those Cited in the References
Index
EULA