An Introduction to Biostatistic

Title Page
......Page 4
Contents
......Page 6
Preface......Page 10
Introduction......Page 14
Populations and Samples......Page 16
Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median, and Mode......Page 18
Measures of Dispersion and Variability......Page 21
Descriptive Statistics for Frequency Tables......Page 27
The Effect of Coding Data......Page 29
Tables and Graphs......Page 31
Quartiles and Box Plots......Page 35
Accuracy, Precision, and the 30–300 Rule......Page 38
Problems......Page 39
Definitions......Page 50
Use of Permutations and Combinations......Page 53
Introduction to Set Theory and Venn Diagrams......Page 57
Axioms and Rules of Probability......Page 60
Probability Rules and Mendelian Genetics (Optional)......Page 69
Problems......Page 75
Probability Distributions......Page 84
Discrete Random Variables......Page 85
The Binomial Distribution......Page 90
The Poisson Distribution......Page 96
Continuous Random Variables......Page 100
The Normal Distribution......Page 103
The Standard Normal Distribution......Page 105
Problems......Page 111
Definitions......Page 122
Distribution of the Sample Mean......Page 124
Confidence Intervals for the Population Mean......Page 130
Confidence Intervals for the Population Variance......Page 137
Confidence Intervals for a Population Proportion......Page 140
Problems......Page 143
An Overview: The Famous Cornflakes Example......Page 150
Typical Steps in a Statistical Test of Hypothesis......Page 155
Type I versus Type II Errors in Hypothesis Testing......Page 157
Binomial Example of Hypothesis Testing (Optional)......Page 163
Problems......Page 164
Hypotheses Involving the Mean ()......Page 168
Hypotheses Involving the Variance (2)......Page 175
Nonparametric Statistics and Hypothesis Testing......Page 179
The One-Sample Sign Test......Page 180
Confidence Intervals Based on the Sign Test......Page 183
The One-Sample Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test......Page 185
Problems......Page 191
Comparing Two Variances......Page 202
Testing the Difference Between Two Means of Independent Samples......Page 206
Confidence Intervals for 1-2......Page 211
The Difference Between Two Means with Paired Data......Page 213
The Wilcoxon Rank-Sum (Mann-Whitney U) Test......Page 217
The Sign Test and Paired Data......Page 220
The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test for Paired Data......Page 222
Problems......Page 224
k-Sample Tests of Hypothesis: The Analysis of Variance......Page 244
Model I ANOVA......Page 246
Mean Separation Techniques for Model I ANOVAs......Page 256
Model II ANOVA......Page 266
The Kruskal-Wallis Test......Page 268
Problems......Page 275
Randomized Complete Block Design ANOVA......Page 289
Factorial Design Two-Way ANOVA......Page 300
The Friedman k-Sample Test: Matched Data......Page 309
Problems......Page 317
Linear Regression and Correlation......Page 328
Simple Linear Regression......Page 331
Simple Linear Correlation Analysis......Page 343
Correlation Analysis Based on Ranks......Page 349
Problems......Page 358
Goodness of Fit Tests......Page 370
The Binomial Test......Page 371
Comparing Two Population Proportions......Page 374
The Chi-Square Test for Goodness of Fit......Page 377
The Chi-Square Test for rk Contingency Tables......Page 382
The Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test......Page 389
The Lilliefors Test......Page 395
Problems......Page 399
Summation Notation and Properties......Page 416
Expected Values......Page 420
ANOVA Expected Values......Page 426
Calculating H in the Kruskal-Wallis Test......Page 429
The Method of Least Squares for Linear Regression......Page 430
Answers to Even-Numbered Problems......Page 432
Tables of Distributions and Critical Values......Page 496
Cumulative Binomial Distribution......Page 497
Cumulative Poisson Distribution......Page 503
Cumulative Standard Normal Distribution......Page 505
Student's t Distribution......Page 507
Cumulative Chi-Square Distribution......Page 510
Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test Cumulative Distribution......Page 512
Cumulative F Distribution......Page 515
Critical Values for the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test......Page 524
Critical Values of the q Statistic for the Tukey Test......Page 528
Fisher's Z-transformation of Correlation Coefficient r......Page 530
Correlation Coefficient r Corresponding to Fisher's Z-transformation......Page 533
Cumulative Distribution for Kendall's Test ()......Page 536
Critical Values for the Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient, rs......Page 539
Critical Values for the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test......Page 540
Critical Values for the Lilliefors Test......Page 541
Index......Page 542
Guide to Hypothesis Testing......Page 550