Amos 17.0 user's guide

Amos 17.0 User's Guide......Page 1
Contents......Page 3
1 Introduction......Page 19
Featured Methods......Page 20
About the Examples......Page 21
Other Sources of Information......Page 22
Acknowledgements......Page 23
Introduction......Page 25
About the Data......Page 26
Launching Amos Graphics......Page 27
Creating a New Model......Page 28
Specifying the Model and Drawing Variables......Page 29
Naming the Variables......Page 30
Drawing Arrows......Page 31
Constraining a Parameter......Page 32
To Delete an Object......Page 33
Setting Up Optional Output......Page 34
To View Text Output......Page 36
To View Graphics Output......Page 37
Printing the Path Diagram......Page 38
Copying Text Output......Page 39
About the Data......Page 41
Bringing In the Data......Page 42
Specifying the Model......Page 43
Naming the Variables......Page 44
Establishing Covariances......Page 45
Viewing Graphics Output......Page 46
Viewing Text Output......Page 47
Calculating Standardized Estimates......Page 51
Viewing Correlation Estimates as Text Output......Page 52
Distribution Assumptions for Amos Models......Page 53
Modeling in VB.NET......Page 54
Modeling in C#......Page 57
Other Program Development Tools......Page 58
Parameters Constraints......Page 59
Constraining Variances......Page 60
Specifying Equal Parameters......Page 61
Constraining Covariances......Page 62
Moving and Formatting Objects......Page 63
Data Input......Page 64
Viewing Text Output......Page 65
Optional Output......Page 66
Covariance Matrix Estimates......Page 67
Labeling Output......Page 69
Hypothesis Testing......Page 70
Displaying Chi-Square Statistics on the Path Diagram......Page 71
Modeling in VB.NET......Page 73
Timing Is Everything......Page 75
Bringing In the Data......Page 77
Specifying the Model......Page 78
Viewing Text Output......Page 80
Viewing Graphics Output......Page 81
Modeling in VB.NET......Page 83
About the Data......Page 85
Analysis of the Data......Page 86
Specifying the Model......Page 87
Fixing Regression Weights......Page 88
Viewing the Text Output......Page 90
Viewing Graphics Output......Page 92
Viewing Additional Text Output......Page 93
Assumptions about Correlations among Exogenous Variables......Page 95
Equation Format for the AStructure Method......Page 96
About the Data......Page 99
Measurement Model......Page 101
Structural Model......Page 102
Specifying the Model......Page 103
Changing the Orientation of the Drawing Area......Page 104
Creating the Path Diagram......Page 105
Duplicating Measurement Models......Page 106
Results for Model A......Page 108
Model B......Page 111
Results for Model B......Page 112
Testing Model B against Model A......Page 114
Model A......Page 116
Model B......Page 117
About the Data......Page 119
Specifying the Model......Page 120
Results of the Analysis......Page 121
Dealing with Rejection......Page 122
Using Modification Indices......Page 123
Changing the Modification Index Threshold......Page 124
Model B for the Wheaton Data......Page 125
Text Output......Page 126
Graphics Output for Model B......Page 127
Calculating Critical Ratios......Page 128
Results for Model C......Page 132
Parameter Estimates for Model C......Page 133
Multiple Models in a Single Analysis......Page 134
Viewing Fit Statistics for All Four Models......Page 137
Obtaining Optional Output......Page 139
Obtaining Tables of Indirect, Direct, and Total Effects......Page 140
Model A......Page 141
Model B......Page 142
Model C......Page 143
Fitting Multiple Models......Page 144
About the Data......Page 147
Felson and Bohrnstedt’s Model......Page 148
Text Output......Page 149
Obtaining Squared Multiple Correlations......Page 151
Graphics Output......Page 152
Stability Index......Page 153
Modeling in VB.NET......Page 154
About the Data......Page 155
A Common Factor Model......Page 156
Identification......Page 157
Drawing the Model......Page 158
Results of the Analysis......Page 159
Obtaining Standardized Estimates......Page 160
Viewing Standardized Estimates......Page 161
Modeling in VB.NET......Page 162
Analysis of Covariance and Its Alternative......Page 163
About the Data......Page 164
Model A for the Olsson Data......Page 165
Identification......Page 166
Requesting Modification Indices......Page 167
Model B for the Olsson Data......Page 168
Results for Model B......Page 169
Model C for the Olsson Data......Page 171
Fitting All Models At Once......Page 172
Model B......Page 173
Model C......Page 174
Fitting Multiple Models......Page 175
Analysis of Several Groups......Page 177
Model A......Page 178
Specifying Model A......Page 179
Text Output......Page 184
Graphics Output......Page 185
Model B......Page 186
Text Output......Page 188
Model A......Page 189
Model B......Page 190
Multiple Model Input......Page 191
About the Data......Page 193
Specifying a Figure Caption......Page 194
Text Output for Model A......Page 197
Graphics Output for Model A......Page 199
Model B for Girls and Boys......Page 200
Text Output......Page 202
Graphics Output......Page 205
Model C for Girls and Boys......Page 206
Results for Model C......Page 209
Model A......Page 210
Model C......Page 211
Fitting Multiple Models......Page 212
About the Data......Page 213
Naming the Groups......Page 214
Specifying the Data......Page 215
Text Output......Page 216
Graphics Output......Page 217
Model B for the Holzinger and Swineford Boys and Girls......Page 218
Text Output......Page 220
Graphics Output......Page 221
Model A......Page 224
Model B......Page 225
Means and Intercept Modeling......Page 227
Mean Structure Modeling in Amos Graphics......Page 228
Text Output......Page 230
Model B for Young and Old Subjects......Page 232
Multiple Model Input......Page 234
Model A......Page 235
Model B......Page 236
Fitting Multiple Models......Page 237
Assumptions Made by Amos......Page 239
Specifying the Model......Page 240
Text Output......Page 241
Modeling in VB.NET......Page 243
Factor Means......Page 247
Specifying the Model......Page 248
Understanding the Cross-Group Constraints......Page 250
Graphics Output......Page 251
Model B for Boys and Girls......Page 253
Comparing Models A and B......Page 255
Model A......Page 256
Model B......Page 257
Fitting Multiple Models......Page 258
Assumptions......Page 259
About the Data......Page 260
Specifying the Model......Page 261
Text Output......Page 263
Model B......Page 265
Results for Model B......Page 267
Model C......Page 268
Results for Model C......Page 269
Model D......Page 270
Results for Model D......Page 271
Fitting Models A Through E in a Single Analysis......Page 273
Modeling in Amos Graphics......Page 274
Model Y......Page 275
Results for Model Y......Page 277
Model Z......Page 278
Results for Model Z......Page 279
Model A......Page 280
Model B......Page 281
Model C......Page 282
Model D......Page 283
Model E......Page 284
Fitting Multiple Models......Page 285
Models X, Y, and Z......Page 286
Incomplete Data......Page 287
About the Data......Page 288
Specifying the Model......Page 289
Saturated and Independence Models......Page 290
Text Output......Page 291
Modeling in VB.NET......Page 293
Fitting the Factor Model (Model A)......Page 294
Fitting the Saturated Model (Model B)......Page 295
Computing the Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square Statistic and P......Page 299
Performing All Steps with One Program......Page 300
Missing Data......Page 301
About the Data......Page 302
Model A......Page 303
Text Output......Page 305
Model B......Page 308
Output from Models A and B......Page 309
Model A......Page 310
Model B......Page 311
The Bootstrap Method......Page 313
A Factor Analysis Model......Page 314
Results of the Analysis......Page 315
Modeling in VB.NET......Page 319
Bootstrap Approach to Model Comparison......Page 321
Five Models......Page 322
Text Output......Page 326
Modeling in VB.NET......Page 328
Estimation Methods......Page 329
About the Model......Page 330
Text Output......Page 333
Modeling in VB.NET......Page 336
About the Model......Page 337
Specifying the Model......Page 338
Selecting Program Options......Page 340
Performing the Specification Search......Page 341
Viewing Generated Models......Page 342
Viewing Parameter Estimates for a Model......Page 343
Using BCC to Compare Models......Page 344
Viewing the Akaike Weights......Page 345
Using BIC to Compare Models......Page 346
Using Bayes Factors to Compare Models......Page 347
Rescaling the Bayes Factors......Page 349
Examining the Short List of Models......Page 350
Viewing a Scatterplot of Fit and Complexity......Page 351
Adjusting the Line Representing Constant Fit......Page 353
Viewing the Line Representing Constant C - df......Page 354
Adjusting the Line Representing Constant C - df......Page 355
Viewing the Best-Fit Graph for C......Page 356
Viewing the Best-Fit Graph for Other Fit Measures......Page 357
Viewing the Scree Plot for C......Page 358
Viewing the Scree Plot for Other Fit Measures......Page 360
Specification Search with Many Optional Arrows......Page 362
Setting Options to Their Defaults......Page 363
Performing the Specification Search......Page 364
Using BIC to Compare Models......Page 365
Limitations......Page 366
About the Model......Page 367
Opening the Specification Search Window......Page 368
Setting Options to Their Defaults......Page 369
Performing the Specification Search......Page 371
Using BCC to Compare Models......Page 372
Viewing the Short List of Models......Page 375
Heuristic Specification Search......Page 376
Performing a Stepwise Search......Page 377
Viewing the Scree Plot......Page 378
Limitations of Heuristic Specification Searches......Page 379
Model 24a: Modeling Without Means and Intercepts......Page 381
Opening the Multiple-Group Analysis Dialog Box......Page 382
Viewing the Parameter Subsets......Page 384
Viewing the Generated Models......Page 385
Fitting All the Models and Viewing the Output......Page 386
Customizing the Analysis......Page 387
Specifying the Model......Page 388
Removing Constraints......Page 389
Generating the Cross-Group Constraints......Page 390
Fitting the Models......Page 391
Viewing the Output......Page 392
About the Model......Page 395
Constraining the Latent Variable Means and Intercepts......Page 396
Generating Cross-Group Constraints......Page 397
Viewing the Text Output......Page 399
Examining the Modification Indices......Page 400
Modifying the Model and Repeating the Analysis......Page 401
Bayesian Estimation......Page 403
Selecting Priors......Page 405
Estimating the Covariance......Page 406
Results of Maximum Likelihood Analysis......Page 407
Bayesian Analysis......Page 408
Examining the Current Seed......Page 410
Changing the Current Seed......Page 411
Changing the Refresh Options......Page 413
Assessing Convergence......Page 414
Diagnostic Plots......Page 416
Bivariate Marginal Posterior Plots......Page 422
Changing the Confidence Level......Page 425
Learning More about Bayesian Estimation......Page 426
More about Bayesian Estimation......Page 427
About the Data......Page 428
Fitting a Model by Maximum Likelihood......Page 429
Changing the Number of Burn-In Observations......Page 430
The Wheaton Data Revisited......Page 441
Indirect Effects......Page 442
Estimating Indirect Effects......Page 443
Bayesian Analysis of Model C......Page 445
Additional Estimands......Page 446
Inferences about Indirect Effects......Page 449
The Stability of Alienation Model......Page 455
Numeric Custom Estimands......Page 461
Dragging and Dropping......Page 465
Defining a Dichotomous Estimand......Page 475
About the Example......Page 479
Performing Multiple Data Imputation Using Amos Graphics......Page 480
Analyzing the Imputed Data Files Using SPSS Statistics......Page 487
Step 2: Ten Separate Analyses......Page 488
Step 3: Combining Results of Multiply Imputed Data Files......Page 489
Further Reading......Page 491
About the Data......Page 493
Analyzing the Data......Page 495
Performing a Regression Analysis......Page 496
Posterior Predictive Distributions......Page 499
Imputation......Page 502
General Inequality Constraints on Data Values......Page 506
About the Data......Page 507
Specifying the Data File......Page 509
Recoding the Data within Amos......Page 510
Specifying the Model......Page 518
Fitting the Model......Page 519
MCMC Diagnostics......Page 522
Posterior Predictive Distributions......Page 524
Posterior Predictive Distributions for Latent Variables......Page 529
Imputation......Page 534
About the Data......Page 539
Performing the Analysis......Page 542
Specifying the Data File......Page 544
Specifying the Model......Page 548
Fitting the Model......Page 550
Classifying Individual Cases......Page 553
Latent Structure Analysis......Page 555
About the Data......Page 557
Performing the Analysis......Page 558
Specifying the Data File......Page 560
Specifying the Model......Page 563
Constraining the Parameters......Page 564
Fitting the Model......Page 566
Classifying Individual Cases......Page 569
Latent Structure Analysis......Page 571
Label Switching......Page 572
First Dataset......Page 575
Second Dataset......Page 577
The Group Variable in the Dataset......Page 578
Performing the Analysis......Page 579
Specifying the Data File......Page 581
Specifying the Model......Page 584
Fitting the Model......Page 585
Classifying Individual Cases......Page 590
Improving Parameter Estimates......Page 591
Prior Distribution of Group Proportions......Page 593
Label Switching......Page 594
A Notation......Page 595
B Discrepancy Functions......Page 597
C Measures of Fit......Page 601
DF......Page 602
P......Page 603
Rules of Thumb......Page 605
NCP......Page 606
RMSEA......Page 607
Rule of Thumb......Page 608
AIC......Page 609
BIC......Page 610
ECVI......Page 611
Comparisons to a Baseline Model......Page 612
NFI......Page 613
RFI......Page 614
TLI......Page 615
Parsimony Adjusted Measures......Page 616
GFI......Page 617
AGFI......Page 618
HOELTER......Page 619
RMR......Page 620
Selected List of Fit Measures......Page 621
D Numeric Diagnosis of Non-Identifiability......Page 623
E Using Fit Measures to Rank Models......Page 625
F Baseline Models for Descriptive Fit Measures......Page 629
Zero-Based Rescaling......Page 631
Akaike Weights and Bayes Factors (Sum = 1)......Page 632
Akaike Weights and Bayes Factors (Max = 1)......Page 633
Bibliography......Page 635
Index......Page 647