American Stories: A History of The United States, Volume 2: Since 1865

Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Detailed Contents
Special Features
16 The Agony of Reconstruction 1865–1877
Robert Smalls and Black Politicians During Reconstruction
16.1 The President Versus Congress
16.1.1 Wartime Reconstruction
16.1.2 Andrew Johnson at the Helm
16.1.3 Congress Takes the Initiative
16.1.4 Past and Present: The Reconstruction Amendments
16.1.5 Congressional Reconstruction Plan Enacted
16.1.6 The Impeachment Crisis
16.2 Reconstructing Southern Society
16.2.1 Reorganizing Land and Labor
16.2.2 Slavery by Another Name?
16.2.3 Republican Rule in the South
16.2.4 Claiming Public and Private Rights
16.3 Retreat from Reconstruction
16.3.1 Final Efforts of Reconstruction
16.3.2 A Reign of Terror Against Blacks
16.4 Reunion and the New South
16.4.1 The Compromise of 1877
16.4.2 “Redeeming” A New South
16.4.3 The Rise of Jim Crow
Conclusion: Henry McNeal Turner and the “Unfinished Revolution”
Chapter 16 Timeline
Chapter Review: The Agony of Reconstruction 1865–1877
17 The West Exploiting an Empire 1849–1902
Lean Bear’s Changing West
17.1 Beyond The Frontier
17.2 Removing the Indians
17.2.1 Life of the Plains Indians
17.2.2 Searching for an Indian Policy
17.2.3 Final Battles on the Plains
17.2.4 The End of Tribal Life
17.3 Settlement of the West
17.3.1 Men and Women on the Overland Trail
17.3.2 Land for the Taking
17.3.3 The Spanish-Speaking Southwest
17.4 The Bonanza West
17.4.1 The Mining Bonanza
17.4.2 Past and Present: Boom and Bust: From Gold Mining to Oil Fracking
17.4.3 The Cattle Bonanza
17.4.4 The Farming Bonanza
17.4.5 Discontent on the Farm
17.4.6 The Last Rush
Conclusion: The Meaning of the West
Chapter 17 Timeline
Chapter Review: The West Exploiting an Empire 1849–1902
18 The Industrial Society 1850–1901
A Machine Culture
18.1 Industrial Development
18.1.1 Past and Present: The Gig Economy
18.1.2 An Empire on Rails
18.1.3 Building the Empire
18.1.4 Linking the Nation via Trunk Lines
18.1.5 Rails Across the Continent
18.1.6 Problems of Growth
18.2 An Industrial Empire
18.2.1 Carnegie and Steel
18.2.2 Rockefeller and Oil
18.2.3 The Business of Invention
18.3 The Sellers
18.4 The Wage Earners
18.4.1 Working Men, Working Women, Working Children
18.5 Culture of Work
18.5.1 Labor Unions
18.5.2 Labor Unrest
Conclusion: Industrialization’s Benefits and Costs
Chapter 18 Timeline
Chapter Review: The Industrial Society 1850–1901
19 Toward an Urban Society 1877–1900
The Overcrowded City
19.1 The Lure of the City
19.1.1 Skyscrapers and Suburbs
19.1.2 Tenements and the Problems of Overcrowding
19.1.3 Strangers in a New Land
19.1.4 Immigrants and the City
19.1.5 Past and Present: The Never-Ending Battle over Immigration
19.1.6 Urban Political Machines
19.2 Social and Cultural Change, 1877–1900
19.2.1 Manners and Mores
19.2.2 Leisure and Entertainment
19.2.3 Changes in Family Life
19.2.4 Changing Views: A Growing Assertiveness Among Women
19.2.5 Educating the Masses
19.2.6 Higher Education
19.3 The Spread of Jim Crow
19.4 The Stirrings of Reform
19.4.1 Progress and Poverty
19.4.2 New Currents in Social Thought
19.4.3 The Settlement Houses
19.4.4 A Crisis in Social Welfare
Conclusion: The Pluralistic Society
Chapter 19 Timeline
Chapter Review: Toward an Urban Society 1877–1900
20 Political Realignments 1876–1901
Hardship and Heartache
20.1 Politics of Stalemate
20.1.1 The Party Deadlock
20.1.2 Reestablishing Presidential Power
20.1.3 Tariffs, Trusts, and Silver
20.1.4 The 1890 Elections
20.2 The Rise of the Populist Movement
20.2.1 The Farm Problem
20.2.2 The Fast-Growing Farmers’ Alliance
20.2.3 Past and Present: The New Populism
20.2.4 The People’s Party
20.3 The Crisis of the Depression
20.3.1 The Panic of 1893
20.3.2 The Pullman Strike
20.3.3 A Beleaguered President
20.3.4 Breaking the Party Deadlock
20.4 Changing Attitudes
20.4.1 Women and Children in the Labor Force
20.4.2 Changing Themes in Literature
20.5 The Presidential Election of 1896
20.5.1 The Mystique of Silver
20.5.2 The Republicans and Gold
20.5.3 The Democrats and Silver
20.5.4 Campaign and Election
20.6 The McKinley Administration
Conclusion: A Decade’s Dramatic Changes
Chapter 20 Timeline
Chapter Review: Political Realignments 1876–1901
21 Toward Empire 1865–1902
Roosevelt and the Rough Riders
21.1 America Looks Outward
21.1.1 Catching the Spirit of Empire
21.1.2 Reasons for Expansion
21.1.3 Foreign Policy Approaches, 1867–1900
21.1.4 The Lure of Hawaii
21.1.5 The New Navy
21.2 War with Spain
21.2.1 A War for Principle
21.2.2 Past and Present: Wars for Human Rights?
21.2.3 The Spanish-American War
21.2.4 African American Soldiers in the War
21.2.5 The Course of the War
21.3 Acquisition of Empire
21.3.1 The Treaty of Paris Debate
21.3.2 Guerrilla Warfare in the Philippines
21.3.3 The Open Door
Conclusion: Outcome of the War with Spain
Chapter 21 Timeline
Chapter Review: Toward Empire 1865–1902
22 The Progressive Era 1895–1917
Muckrakers Call for Reform
22.1 The Changing Face of Industrialism
22.1.1 The Innovative Model T
22.1.2 The Burgeoning Trusts
22.1.3 Managing the Machines
22.2 Society’s Masses
22.2.1 Better Times on the Farm
22.2.2 Women and Children at Work
22.2.3 Past and Present: Women and the Struggle for Equality
22.2.4 The Niagara Movement and the NAACP
22.2.5 Immigrants in the Labor Force
22.3 Conflict in the Workplace
22.3.1 Organizing Labor
22.4 A New Urban Culture
22.4.1 Production and Consumption
22.4.2 Living and Dying in an Urban Nation
22.4.3 Popular Pastimes
22.4.4 Experimentation in the Arts
Conclusion: A Ferment of Discovery and Reform
Chapter 22 Timeline
Chapter Review: The Progressive Era 1895–1917
23 From Roosevelt to Wilson in the Age of Progressivism 1900–1920
What Jane Addams Decided
23.1 The Spirit of Progressivism
23.1.1 The Rise of the Professions
23.1.2 The Social-Justice Movement
23.1.3 The Purity Crusade
23.1.4 Woman Suffrage, Women’s Rights
23.1.5 A Ferment of Ideas: Challenging the Status Quo
23.2 Reform in the Cities and States
23.2.1 Interest Groups and the Decline of Popular Politics
23.2.2 Reform in the Cities
23.2.3 Action in the States
23.3 The Republican Roosevelt
23.3.1 Busting the Trusts
23.3.2 “Square Deal” in the Coalfields
23.4 Roosevelt Progressivism at Its Height
23.4.1 Regulating the Railroads
23.4.2 Cleaning Up Food and Drugs
23.4.3 Conserving the Land
23.5 The Ordeal of William Howard Taft
23.5.1 Party Insurgency
23.5.2 The Ballinger–Pinchot Affair
23.5.3 Taft Alienates the Progressives
23.5.4 Differing Philosophies in the Election of 1912
23.5.5 Past and Present: How Big Is Too Big?
23.6 Woodrow Wilson’s New Freedom
23.6.1 The New Freedom in Action
23.6.2 Wilson Moves Toward the New Nationalism
Conclusion: The Fruits of Progressivism
Chapter 23 Timeline
Chapter Review: From Roosevelt to Wilson in the Age of
Progressivism 1900–1920
24 The Nation at War 1901–1920
The Sinking of the Lusitania
24.1 A New World Power
24.1.1 Building the Panama Canal
24.1.2 Ventures in the Far East
24.1.3 Taft and Dollar Diplomacy
24.2 Foreign Policy Under Wilson
24.2.1 Troubles Across the Border
24.3 Toward War
24.3.1 The Neutrality Policy
24.3.2 Freedom of the Seas
24.3.3 The U-Boat Threat
24.3.4 The Election of 1916
24.3.5 The Final Months of Peace
24.4 Over There
24.4.1 Mobilization
24.4.2 War in the Trenches
24.5 Over Here
24.5.1 The Conquest of Convictions
24.5.2 A Bureaucratic War
24.5.3 Labor in the War
24.5.4 Past and Present: War and the Economy
24.6 The Treaty of Versailles
24.6.1 A Peace at Paris
24.6.2 Rejection in the Senate
Conclusion: Postwar Disillusionment
Chapter 24 Timeline
Chapter Review: The Nation at War 1901–1920
25 Transition to Modern America 1919–1928
Wheels for the Millions
25.1 The Second Industrial Revolution
25.1.1 The Automobile Industry
25.1.2 Patterns of Economic Growth
25.1.3 Past and Present: Consumers All
25.2 City Life in the Roaring Twenties
25.2.1 Women and the Family
25.2.2 Popular Culture in the Jazz Age
25.3 The Conservative Counterattack
25.3.1 The Fear of Radicalism
25.3.2 Prohibition
25.3.3 The Ku Klux Klan
25.3.4 Immigration Restriction
25.3.5 The Fundamentalist Challenge
26.4 Republican Politics
25.4.1 Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover
25.4.2 A New Kind of Conservatism
25.4.3 The Election of 1928
Conclusion: The Old and the New
Chapter 25 Timeline
Chapter Review: Transition to Modern America 1919–1928
26 Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal 1929–1939
The Struggle Against Despair
26.1 The Great Depression
26.1.1 The Great Crash
26.1.2 The Effect of the Depression
26.2 Fighting the Depression
26.2.1 The Emergence of Roosevelt
26.2.2 The Hundred Days
26.2.3 Steps Toward Recovery
26.3 Reforming American Life
26.3.1 Challenges to FDR
26.3.2 Social Security
26.3.3 Past and Present: What Should Government Do?
26.4 The Impact of the New Deal
26.4.1 The Rise of Organized Labor
26.4.2 The New Deal Record on Help to Minorities
26.5 The New Deal’s End
26.5.1 The Supreme Court Fight
26.5.2 The New Deal in Decline
Conclusion: The New Deal and American Life
Chapter 26 Timeline
Chapter Review: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal
1929–1939
27 America and the World 1921–1945
A Pact without Power
27.1 Isolationism
27.1.1 Militarism Abroad
27.1.2 The Lure of Pacifism and Neutrality
27.1.3 War in Europe
27.2 The Road to War
27.2.1 From Neutrality to Undeclared War
27.2.2 Showdown in the Pacific
27.3 Turning the Tide Against the Axis
27.3.1 Wartime Partnerships
27.3.2 Halting the German Blitz
27.3.3 Checking Japan in the Pacific
27.4 The Home Front
27.4.1 The Arsenal of Democracy
27.4.2 A Nation on the Move
27.5 Victory
27.5.1 D-Day
27.5.2 War Aims and Wartime Diplomacy
27.5.3 Triumph and Destruction in the Pacific
27.5.4 Past and Present: Why No World War III?
Conclusion: The Transforming Power of War
Chapter 27 Timeline
Chapter Review: America and the World 1921–1945
28 The Onset of the Cold War 1945–1960
The Potsdam Summit
28.1 The Cold War Begins
28.1.1 The Division of Europe
28.1.2 The Atomic Dilemma
28.2 Containment
28.2.1 The Truman Doctrine
28.2.2 Past and Present: America’s Purpose
28.2.3 The Marshall Plan
28.2.4 The Western Military Alliance
28.2.5 The Berlin Blockade
28.3 The Cold War Expands
28.3.1 The Military Dimension
28.3.2 The Cold War in Asia
28.3.3 The Korean War
28.4 The Cold War at Home
28.4.1 Truman’s Troubles
28.4.2 Truman Vindicated
28.4.3 The Loyalty Issue
28.4.4 McCarthyism in Action
28.4.5 The Republicans in Power
Conclusion: The Continuing Cold War
Chapter 28 Timeline
Chapter Review: The Onset of the Cold War 1945–1960
29 Affluence and Anxiety 1945–1960
Levittown: The Flight to the Suburbs
29.1 The Postwar Boom
29.1.1 Postwar Prosperity
29.1.2 Life in the Suburbs
29.1.3 Past and Present: Echoes of the Baby Boom
29.2 The Good Life?
29.2.1 Areas of Greatest Growth
29.2.2 Critics of the Consumer Society
29.3 The Struggle over Civil Rights
29.3.1 Civil Rights as a Political Issue
29.3.2 Desegregating the Schools
29.3.3 The Beginnings of Black Activism
Conclusion: Restoring National Confidence
Chapter 29 Timeline
Chapter Review: Affluence and Anxiety 1945–1960
30 The Turbulent Sixties 1960–1968
Kennedy Versus Nixon: The First Televised Presidential Candidate Debate
30.1 Kennedy Intensifies the Cold War
30.1.1 Containment in Southeast Asia
30.1.2 Containing Castro: The Bay of Pigs Fiasco
30.1.3 Containing Castro: The Cuban Missile Crisis
30.2 The New Frontier at Home
30.2.1 Moving Slowly on Civil Rights
30.2.2 “I Have a Dream”
30.3 LBJ’s Great Society
30.3.1 Johnson in Action
30.3.2 Past and Present: LBJ’s Prediction Comes True
30.3.3 The Election of 1964
30.3.4 The Triumph of Reform
30.4 Johnson Escalates the Vietnam War
30.4.1 The Vietnam Dilemma
30.4.2 Escalation
30.4.3 Stalemate
30.5 Years of Turmoil
30.5.1 Protesting the Vietnam War
30.5.2 The Cultural Revolution in America
30.5.3 “Black Power”
30.5.4 Ethnic Nationalism
30.5.5 Women’s Liberation
30.6 The Return of Richard Nixon
30.6.1 Vietnam Undermines Lyndon Johnson
30.6.2 The Republican Resurgence
Conclusion: The End of an Era
Chapter 30 Timeline
Chapter Review: The Turbulent Sixties 1960–1968
31 To a New Conservatism 1969–1988
Reagan and America’s Shift to the Right
31.1 The Tempting of Richard Nixon
31.1.1 Détente
31.1.2 Ending the Vietnam War
31.1.3 The Watergate Scandal
31.2 Oil and Inflation
31.2.1 War and Oil
31.2.2 The Great Inflation
31.3 Private Lives, Public Issues
31.3.1 The Changing American Family
31.3.2 Gains and Setbacks for Women
31.3.3 The Gay Liberation Movement
31.4 Politics and Diplomacy After Watergate
31.4.1 The Ford Administration
31.4.2 Carter and American Malaise
31.4.3 Troubles Abroad
31.5 The Reagan Revolution
31.5.1 The Election of 1980
31.5.2 Past and Present: Is Government the Solution or the Problem?
31.5.3 Cutting Taxes and Spending
31.6 Reagan and the World
31.6.1 Challenging the “Evil Empire”
31.6.2 Confrontation in Central America
31.6.3 Trading Arms for Hostages
31.6.4 Reagan the Peacemaker
Conclusion: Challenging the New Deal
Chapter 31 Timeline
Chapter Review: To a New Conservatism 1969–1988
32 Into the Twenty-First Century 1989–2016
“This Will Not Stand”: Foreign Policy in the Post–Cold War Era
32.1 The First President Bush
32.1.1 Republicans at Home
32.1.2 Ending the Cold War
32.1.3 The Gulf War
32.2 The Changing Faces of America
32.2.1 A People on the Move
32.2.2 The Revival of Immigration
32.2.3 Emerging Hispanics
32.2.4 Advance and Retreat for African Americans
32.2.5 Americans from Asia and the Middle East
32.3 The New Democrats
32.3.1 Clinton and Congress
32.3.2 Scandal in the White House
32.4 Republicans Resurgent
32.4.1 The Disputed Election of 2000
32.4.2 George W. Bush at Home
32.4.3 The War on Terrorism
32.4.4 Widening the Battlefield
32.4.5 Bush Reelected
32.5 Barack Obama’s Triumph and Trials
32.5.1 The Great Recession
32.5.2 New Challenges and Old
32.5.3 Past and Present: Did the Election of Barack Obama Change Anything?
32.5.4 Doubting the Future
Conclusion: The End of the American Future—or Not?
Chapter 32 Timeline
Chapter Review: Into the Twenty-First Century 1989–2016
Appendix
The Declaration of Independence
The Articles of Confederation
The Constitution of the United States of America
Amendments to the Constitution
Presidential Elections
Glossary
Credits
Index
Back Cover