Ambipolar Materials and Devices

Cover
Ambipolar Materials and Devices
Preface
Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction and Fundamental Principles of Ambipolar Materials
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Fundamentals of Ambipolar Materials
1.2.1 Ambipolar Organic Materials
1.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes
1.2.3 Ambipolar 2D Materials
1.2.4 Ambipolar Perovskite Materials
1.3 Fundamentals of Ambipolar Devices
1.3.1 Solar Cells
1.3.2 Ambipolar Logic Devices
1.3.3 Ambipolar Synaptic Devices
1.3.4 Ambipolar Light- emitting Devices
1.3.5 Ambipolar Sensing Devices
1.3.6 Ambipolar Memory Devices
References
Chapter 2 - Ambipolar Organic Polymers for Thin- film Transistors
2.1 Ambipolar Semiconducting Polymers
2.1.1 Isoindigo- based Polymers
2.1.2 Diketopyrrolopyrrole- based Polymers
2.1.3 Benzobisthiadiazole- based Polymers
References
Chapter 3 - Bilayer Structures with Ambipolar Properties
3.1 Device Structure and Working Principles
3.2 Introduction to Research Work
3.3 Progress in New Technology for Film Preparation
3.4 Progress of Inverter- related Work
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 4 - Halide Perovskites With Ambipolar Transport Properties for Transistor Applications
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Halide Perovskite Materials
4.2.1 Crystalline Structure of Halide Perovskites
4.2.2 Halide Perovskite Structures and Synthesis Approaches
4.2.2.1 Three- dimensional Halide Perovskite Crystals
4.2.2.2 Polycrystalline and Thin Crystalline Films and 2D Nanoplates
4.2.2.2.1 Polycrystalline Films.Polycrystalline halide perovskite films are commonly used as the active layers in high- performance photov...
4.2.2.2.2 Layer- structured Hybrid Perovskites.As for the perovskite materials with chemical formula of ABX3, when introducing the larger ...
4.2.2.2.3 Thin Single- crystalline Films.As shown in Section 4.2.2.1, there are many simple approaches to synthesize bulk single crystals;...
4.2.2.2.4 Two- dimensional Perovskite Nanoplates.Two- dimensional perovskite nanoplatelets can be regarded as the most important form of h...
4.2.2.3 One- dimensional Nanowires and Zero- dimensional Nanocrystals
4.2.3 Electronic Structure
4.2.4 Ambipolar Transport Properties
4.3 Field- effect Transistor Applications
4.3.1 Standard Field- effect Transistors
4.3.1.1 Basics of Standard Field- effect Transistors
4.3.1.2 Development of Halide Perovskite Field- effect Transistors
4.3.1.2.1
Hybrid Perovskite Polycrystalline FETs.We start by introducing research progress on standard FET devices based on halide perovsk...
4.3.1.2.2
FETs Based on Hybrid Perovskite Microplates and Thin Crystals.Microplates and thin crystals have been used to further improve th...
4.3.1.2.3 All- inorganic Halide Perovskite FETs.As discussed above, using inorganic alkalis to replace the A- site organic cation can enha...
4.3.1.2.4 Layer- structured Halide Perovskite FETs
Advantages of Layer-structured Perovskites for FETs. Better stability. Compared with 3D hybrid perovskites, layer-1396...
Progress for Layer-structured Perovskite FETs. Pb-based layer-structured perovskite FETs. To date,...
4.3.2 Ambipolar Field- effect Transistors
4.3.2.1 Working Principles and Device Characteristics
4.3.2.2 Ambipolar Field- effect Transistors Based on Halide Perovskites
4.3.3 Phototransistors
4.3.3.1 Principles of Phototransistors
4.3.3.2 Phototransistor Performance Metrics
4.3.3.3 Halide Perovskite Phototransistors
4.3.4 Light- emitting Field- effect Transistors
4.3.4.1 Principles of Light- emitting Transistors
4.3.4.2 Halide Perovskite Light- emitting Transistors
4.4 Challenges and Opportunities
4.4.1 Stability
4.4.2 Ion Migrations
4.4.3 Environmental and Health Issues
4.4.4 Further Improvement of Carrier Mobility
4.4.5 Large- area Production
4.5 Summary and Future Outlook
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 5 - Blend Structures with Ambipolar Properties
5.1 Device Structure and Working Principles
5.2 Introduction to Research Work
5.3 Ambipolar Blend FETs Based on Carbon Nanotubes and Two- dimensional Materials
5.3.1 CNT- based Ambipolar Blend FETs
5.3.2 Black Phosphorus- based Ambipolar Blend FETs
5.3.3 Graphene- based Ambipolar Blend FETs
5.3.4 Molybdenum Disulfide- based Ambipolar Blend FETs
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 6 - Graphene: Preparation and Applications
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Synthetic Methods for Graphene
6.2.1 Top–down Exfoliation Methods to Prepare Graphene
6.2.1.1 Mechanical Force- assisted Exfoliation
6.2.1.1.1 Sonication- assisted Exfoliation Method.Ultrasonic waves with a specific frequency can produce bubbles in the solvents, and brea...
6.2.1.1.2 Shear Force- assisted Exfoliation.To overcome the difficulties in mass production of graphene by sonication methods, other power...
6.2.1.1.3 Ball Milling.Ball milling is a commonly used method to grind powdery samples into small- sized products. The mechanism is based ...
6.2.1.2 Intercalation- assisted Exfoliation
6.2.1.2.1
Preparation of Graphene Oxide by Hummers' Method Followed by Reduction.Graphene prepared by Hummers' method, i.e. graphene oxide...
6.2.1.2.2
Electrochemical Exfoliation.Compared with Hummers' method, where the oxidants were intercalated into the graphene interlayers un...
6.2.1.3 Other Top–down Methods
6.2.2 Bottom–up Methods
6.2.2.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition on Transition Metals
6.2.2.2 Epitaxial Growth of Graphene on Silicon Carbide
6.2.2.3 Molecular Assembly
6.3 Properties and Applications of Graphene
6.3.1 Properties of Graphene
6.3.2 Applications of Graphene
6.3.2.1 Lithium Batteries
6.3.2.2 Supercapacitors
6.3.2.3 Solar Cells
6.3.2.3.1
Application of Graphene in Polymer Solar Cells.Graphene can functionalize as electrodes,131–136 electron transporters/acceptors,...
6.3.2.3.2 Application of Graphene in Dye- sensitized Solar Cells.Dye- sensitized solar cells were first discovered by Grätzel in 1991.144 ...
6.3.2.3.3 Application of Graphene in Quantum Dot- based Solar Cells.In quantum dot- based solar cells, graphene was used to hybridize with...
6.3.2.3.4
Stretchable Transparent Electrodes.Stretchable transparent electrodes (STEs) have been widely used to fabricate stretchable/wear...
6.3.2.4 Stretchable Transparent Electronics
6.3.2.4.1 Graphene for Stretchable Organic Light- emitting Diodes.In recent years, stretchable organic light- emitting diodes (OLEDs) have...
6.3.2.4.2 Graphene for Stretchable Transparent Field- effect Transistors.Field- effect transistors (FETs) are key components in digital lo...
6.3.2.4.3
Graphene for Smart Contact Lenses.Smart contact lenses are generally the combination of electronics with traditional contact len...
References
Chapter 7 - Synthesis and Applications of Graphene Quantum Dots
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Synthesis Methods
7.2.1 Top–down Approach
7.2.1.1 Chemical Method
7.2.1.2 Electrochemical Method
7.2.1.3 Physical Method
7.2.2 Bottom–up Approach
7.2.2.1 Cage- opening of Fullerene
7.2.2.2 Chemical Synthesis
7.3 Applications
7.3.1 Medical Applications
7.3.1.1 Bioimaging
7.3.1.2 Biosensing
7.3.1.3 Immunosensing
7.3.1.4 Drug Delivery
7.3.2 Chemical Sensing
7.3.2.1 Photoluminescence Sensor
7.3.2.2 Electrochemical Sensor
7.3.2.3 Electrochemiluminescence Sensor
7.3.3 Light- emitting Diodes
7.3.4 Catalysis
7.3.4.1 Electrocatalysis
7.3.4.2 Photocatalysis
7.3.5 Energy- related Applications
7.4 Outlook
References
Chapter 8 - Carbon Nanotube Synthesis and Applications
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Structure of Carbon Nanotubes
8.3 Synthesis of CNTs
8.3.1 Growth Mechanism
8.3.2 CNT Synthesis Methods
8.3.2.1 Arc Discharge Method
8.3.2.2 Laser Ablation Method
8.3.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition
8.3.2.3.1
Synthesis of Vertically Aligned CNTs.For the synthesis of aligned CNTs, the most important parameter is the catalyst used. If th...
8.3.2.3.2
Synthesis of Horizontally Aligned CNTs.For the applications of CNTs in electronics, they are distributed on a substrate. Horizon...
8.3.2.3.3
Synthesis of SWCNTs With Controlled Conductive Behavior.The electrical properties of SWCNTs are very sensitive to minor variatio...
8.3.2.3.4
Synthesis of SWCNTs With Controlled Chirality.Controlling the chirality of SWCNTs during the growth process is a more challengin...
8.4 Properties and Applications of CNTs
8.4.1 Properties of CNTs
8.4.2 Applications of CNTs
8.4.2.1 Lithium- ion Batteries
8.4.2.2 Supercapacitors
8.4.2.3 Solar Cells
8.4.2.3.1 Application of CNTs in Dye- sensitized Solar Cells.Typical dye- sensitized solar cells include several components: a porous semi...
8.4.2.3.2
Application of CNTs in Perovskite Solar Cells.Perovskite solar cells have attracted tremendous attention in recent years for the...
8.4.2.4 Stretchable Transparent Electrodes
8.4.2.5 Stretchable Transparent Electronics
8.4.2.5.1 CNTs for Stretchable Organic Light- emitting Diodes.In recent years, stretchable organic LEDs (OLEDs) have attracted much attent...
8.4.2.5.2 CNTs for Stretchable Transparent Field- effect Transistors.Field- effect transistors (FETs) are key components in digital logic ...
8.4.2.5.3
CNTs for Stretchable Transparent Loudspeakers.A thermal response of the electrode under external electrical stimulation is a com...
References
Chapter 9 - Mathematical Modelling and Simulations for Using Nanotubes and Graphene for Ultrafiltration and Molecular and Charge Transport
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Mathematical Background
9.3 Water Transport Inside Small and Large Radii Nanotubes
9.4 Particle- laden Flow Between Graphene Sheets
9.5 Lithium- ion Transport in Graphene
References
Chapter 10 - The Family of Two- dimensional Transition Metal Chalcogenides Materials
10.1 The Rise of Atomically Thin Two- dimensional Materials
10.1.1 Group IV Single- element Layered Semiconductors
10.1.2 Group V Layered Semiconductors
10.1.3 Group IV Compound Layered Semiconductors
10.1.4 Post- transition Metal Chalcogenide Layered Semiconductors
10.1.5 Oxychalcogenide 2D Layered Semiconductors
10.2 Summary and Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 11 - Controllable Synthesis of Two- dimensional Layered Transition Metal Chalcogenides and Their Heterostructures
11.1 Two- dimensional Materials for High- performance Nanoelectronics
11.2 Fabrication of Monolayer Nanomaterials
11.2.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition of Monolayers
11.2.1.1 Defects of As- grown Monolayers
11.2.1.2 Healing of Defects of 2D Monolayers
11.2.2 Construction of 2D Heterostructures
11.3 Strategies to Optimize 2D Electronics
11.4 Conclusion and Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 12 - Ambipolar Inorganic Two- dimensional Materials for Solar Cells
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Ambipolar 2D Materials
12.2.1 Ambipolar 2D Materials in Field- effect Transistors
12.2.2 Ambipolar 2D Materials in Solar Cells
12.2.2.1 Junction- based Solar Cells
12.2.2.1.1 Bulk Devices.First- generation solar cells are based on bulk silicon wafers to demonstrate high power efficiencies. Due to the d...
12.2.2.1.2
2D/2D Heterojunction or van der Waals Heterojunction.With the introduction of the “dry transfer” method, which enables the quick...
12.2.2.2 Organic Solar Cells
12.2.2.3 Perovskite Solar Cells
12.3 Graphene- based Solar Cells
12.3.1 Graphene in Silicon- based Solar Cells
12.3.1.1 Graphene as Transparent Electrode
12.3.1.2 Graphene as Junction Layer and Hole Collecting Layer
12.3.2 Graphene in Organic Solar Cells
12.3.2.1 Graphene- based Materials as Electrodes for Organic Solar Cells
12.3.2.2 Graphene- based Materials for HTL/ETL for Organic Solar Cells
12.3.3 Graphene in Perovskite Solar Cells
12.3.3.1 Graphene- based Materials for Electrodes in Perovskite Solar Cells
12.3.3.2 Graphene- based Materials for HTL/ETL for Perovskite Solar Cells
12.4 Black Phosphorus- based Solar Cells
12.4.1 Black Phosphorus for ETL or n- Type Dominant Characteristics
12.4.2 Black Phosphorus for HTL or p-
12.4.3 Black Phosphorus for Heterojunction Interface
12.4.4 Black Phosphorus for Photostability
12.5 TMD- based Solar Cells
12.5.1 WSe2- based Solar Cells
12.5.2 MoSe2- based Solar Cells
12.5.3 ReSe2- based Solar Cells
12.5.4 MoTe2- based Solar Cells
12.5.5 Other Types of Ambipolar 2D Material- based Solar Cells
12.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 - Ambipolar Transistors for Logic Operation
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Basics of Unipolar Organic Field- effect Transistors
13.2.1 Working Principles of OFETs
13.2.2 Parameters of OFETs
13.3 Device Structures and Working Principles of Ambipolar Transistors
13.3.1 Working Principles
13.3.2 Challenges for Ambipolar Transistors
13.3.3 Modeling of Ambipolar Transistors
13.3.4 Types of Ambipolar Transistors
13.3.4.1 Single- component Ambipolar Transistors
13.3.4.1.1 Small- molecule Semiconductor.Pentacene is one of the relatively stable and high- mobility p- type small- molecule semiconductor...
13.3.4.1.2
Polymers.The basic theory is that it is easier to realize ambipolar behavior in semiconductors with a narrow band gap, and that ...
13.3.4.1.3
Single Crystals.Like inorganic single crystals, organic semiconductors in the form of single crystals have been widely used for ...
13.3.4.2 Organic Blend Ambipolar OFETs
13.3.4.3 Bilayer OFETs
13.3.4.4 Ambipolar Transistors Based on 2D Semiconductors
13.4 Examples of Ambipolar Transistors and Logic Circuits
13.5 Outlook
References
Chapter 14 - Ambipolar Two- dimensional Materials and Synaptic Devices for Neuromorphic Computing
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Requirements for Neuromorphic Computing Applications
14.1.2 The Similarity of Biological Synapses and Synaptic Devices
14.2 Introduction of Ambipolar Two- dimensional Materials and Devices
14.2.1 Two- dimensional Field- effect Transistors
14.2.2 The Basic Properties of Ambipolar Two- dimensional Materials
14.3 Novel Ambipolar Synaptic Devices
14.3.1 FETs for Neuromorphic Computing
14.3.1.1 The Structure of Synaptic Devices
14.3.1.2 Working Principles for the Synaptic Device
14.3.1.3 The Difference Between a Conventional and a Graphene Dynamic Synapse
14.3.1.4 Device Performance
14.3.2 The Applications of Devices
14.3.3 Discussions
14.4 Prospects
14.5 Conclusion
Abbreviations
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 15 - Light- emitting Transistors With Ambipolar Materials
15.1 Single- component OLETs Based on Thin Films
15.2 OLETs Based on Single Crystals
15.3 OLETs Based on Heterojunction Structures
15.3.1 Bulk Heterojunction
15.3.2 Layered Heterostructures
15.4 Perovskite- based OLETs
References
Chapter 16 - Ambipolar Materials for Gas Sensing
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 General Features of Gas Sensors
16.1.2 Ambipolar Materials
16.2 Inorganic Ambipolar Devices
16.3 Field- effect Transistors
16.4 Phthalocyanine- based Resistors
16.4.1 Electrochemical Properties of Multi- decker Phthalocyanine Complexes
16.4.2 Double- decker Phthalocyanine Complexes
16.4.3 Triple- decker Phthalocyanine Complexes
16.4.4 Extended Multi- decker Phthalocyanine Complexes
16.5 Phthalocyanine- based Heterojunctions
16.6 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
Chapter 17 - Non- volatile Bipolar Transistor Memory
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Theory and Principle
17.2.1 Structure
17.2.2 Mechanism
17.3 Storage Material
17.3.1 Metal Nanoparticles
17.3.2 Organic Semiconductors
17.3.3 Carbon- based Materials
17.3.4 Others
17.4 Semiconductor Material
17.4.1 Quantum Dots
17.4.2 Black Phosphorus
17.4.3 Organic Semiconductors
17.5 Applications
17.6 Summary and Expectations
References
Chapter 18 - Challenges, Possible Strategies and Conclusions
18.1 Ambipolar Applications
18.2 Ambipolar Materials Development
References
Subject Index