Alternative transportation fuels : utilisation in combustion engines

Content: Introduction: Land, Sea and Air Transportation Transportation Modes of Different Transportation Indigenous Production Levels of Crude Oil from Different Countries Import and Export Levels in Different Countries Refining Capacities of Petrol and Diesel-Worldwide Energy Consumption: World View Transportation Sector: Current Scenario: Fossil Fuel Consumption in the Transport Sector GHG Emissions from the Transportation Sector Environmental Concerns Environmental Standards Sustainability Issues References Conventional Fuels for Land Transportation Conventional Fuels for Spark Ignition Engines/Vehicles Production of Gasoline/Diesel Fuels: Refining Process to Produce Gasoline/Diesel Conventional Fuels for a Spark Ignition Engine Conventional Fuels for Compression Ignition Engines/Vehicles Conclusions Problems Unsolved Problems References Alternative Fuels for Land Transportation Introduction Alternative Fuels for Spark Ignition Engines Alternative Fuels for a Compression Ignition Engine Conclusion References Aviation Fuels Introduction Fuel Quality Requirements of Aircraft Engines (Aircrafts and Helicopters) Aviation Gasoline Fuel Aviation Kerosene Compressed Natural Gas Liquefied Natural Gas Biodiesel-Diesel Blend Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Carbon-Free Fuel: Compressed and Liquid Hydrogen Carbon-Neutral and Sustainable Fuel Production Technology of Aviation Fuel Volume and Weight of Aviation Fuel for Smaller and Large-Sized Aircraft Emission and Effects by Aviation Fuel Conclusion References Utilisation of Alternative Fuels in Internal Combustion Engines/Vehicles Spark Ignition Engines Compression Ignition Engines Conclusion Problems Unsolved Problems References Fuel Quality Characterization for Suitability of Internal Combustion Engines General Introduction Fuel Quality Study Measurement of Fuel Properties Emission Characteristics of Internal Combustion Engines Chassis Dynamometer Study Control Volume Sampling Digas Analyzer CLD Analyzer Biodiesel Reactor Air Flow Meter Gas Mass Flow Meter Test Bench Experimental Study Field Trial Study Modelling of Alternative Fuelled Internal Combustion Engine Introduction Internal Combustion Engine Processes Governing Equations for IC Engines CI Engine Modelling for Alternative Fuels Combustion in SI Engine Problems Unsolved problems Nomenclature Greek Letters References Alternative Powered Vehicles General Introduction Bi Fuel Vehicle Dual Fuel Vehicles Electric Vehicles Hybrid Vehicle Fuel Cell Vehicles References Alternative Fuels for Rail Transportation Introduction Types of Locomotives Alternative Locomotives References Alternative Fuels for Marine Transportation Introduction to Marine Fuels Alternative Fuel for Marine Vehicles Engine/Vehicle Technology After-Treatment Technology for an Emission Reduction Selective Catalyst Reduction References Alternative Fuels for Aviation (Airbus and Helicopter) Introduction Importance of Air Mode Transportation Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Aero-Engines Progress in the Use of Alternative Fuels for the Aviation Sector References Global Warming and Climate Change Introduction Mechanism of Global Warming Control Avenues for GHG Emissions The Proposed GHG Emission Standards Problems Unsolved Problems References Index