Alternative Healing in American History: an Encyclopedia From Acupuncture To Yoga

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Alphabetical List of Entries
Introduction
Outlines of Current Use
Development of Alternative Medicine
Intercultural Sources
Mental Health
Pre-1900
Introduction
Medical Mélange
Doctors’ Progress
Other Traditions
Bloodletting and Leeching
Traditional Practice
Barbers and Business
Modern Bloodletting
Leeches and Severed Limbs
Chinese Traditional Medicine
Astrology and the Body
Alchemy and Yin-Yang
Medicine
Five Elements
Tai Chi, Qigong, and Feng Shui
Folk Medicine
Thoroughly Unmodern Medicine
Regional Specialties
Homeopathy
History and Theory
Subsequent Developments
Back in the United States
Hydrotherapy
The People’s Panacea
Hydrotherapy, Holism, and Health
Hysteria
History of Hysteria
Postmodern Developments
Medicine Shows
Itinerate Showmanship
Signs of Decline
Mesmerism and Hypnotherapy
Mesmer and Mesmerism
Hypnosis and Hypnotherapy
Moral Treatment
Benjamin Rush
Philippe Pinel and William Tuke
Dorothea Dix
Change and Demise
Native American Traditional Medicine
Herbals, History, and Healing
New World, New Age
Neurasthenia, or Nervous Exhaustion
“Neurasthenia Americana”
From “Nerves” to Stress, Anxiety, and Fatigue
Patent Medicines
The Trade in Medical Nostrums
The Marquee Comes Down
Phrenology
The Furor over Phrenology
Fowl Play
Feels Like Folly
Purgatives and Emetics
Use in Connection with the Four Humors
Use Relating to Early Germ Theory
Use by Modern Medicine
Sanatoriums
Historical Background
The Rise and Fall of the Sanatorium
Sanitation Campaigns and Public Health
Historical Precursors
The Emergence of Public Health
Spas and Mineral Waters
History
Treatments
Spiritualism
The Living and the Dead
Sittings and Séances
Witch Trials and Exorcisms
Witches of the World
Possession and Exorcism
1900–1950s
Introduction
Battle Lines
Mind versus Body
Anthroposophic Medicine
Steiner and Spiritual Science
Basics of Anthroposophic Medicine
Anthroposophic Therapies
Anxiety and Its Treatment
Types of Anxiety Disorders
The Age of Anxiety
Art and Music Therapy
Expressive Interventions
Historical Dimensions
Behavioral Theories and Therapies
Key Concepts
Conditioning and Behaviorism
Therapeutic Techniques
Strengths and Limitations of Behavioral Therapies
Chiropractic
The “Discoverer” and His Discovery
Conflict and Evolution
Client-Centered Therapy
Founding Figure
Precepts and Progression
Current Status
Depression and Its Treatment
Symptoms of Depression
Risk Factors and Causes
Treatment
Dianetics
Teachings and Expansion
Criticism and Reaction
Diet and Exercise
Diet Plans
Fitness
Dream Interpretation
Freud and Jung
Other Theories
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Emergence of ECT
ECT in the United States
Decline of ECT
Recent Changes and Critiques
Conclusion
Faith Healing and Prayer
Early Expressions
Later Variations
Skepticism
Gestalt Therapy
Emergence and Development
Therapeutic Aspects
Fate
Jung and Jungian Analysis
The Life of Jung
Jung’s Thought
Jungian Therapy
Lobotomy and Other “Psychosurgeries”
Modern Methods?
Legacy and Prospects
Mental Hospitals
Early Development
Patient Wakeup
Grooming
Medications and Meals
Work
Self-Sufficiency
Treatment
Deinstitutionalization
Orgone Therapy
Character, Tension, and Release
From Orgone to the Organic
Osteopathy
History
The Osteopathic Difference
Psychoanalysis
History and Development
Psychoanalytic Treatment and Later Variants
Postwar Turn and Decline
Sex, Sexology, and Sex Therapy
Modern Times
Sex Therapy
12-Step Programs
History of Treatment for Alcoholism
The Rise of AA
Do 12-Step Programs Work?
1960s–1970s
Introduction
The Mainstream
Counterweight
Rebirth
Acupuncture
Origins and Philosophy
Western Practice
Modern Understanding
Alternative Diagnostics
Homeopathy
Reiki
Biofeedback
Applied Kinesiology
In Sum
Aromatherapy and Essential Oils
Background
Claims and Cautions
Astrology
History and Method
Medicinal and Predictive Aspects
Ayurvedic Medicine
Historical Development
Classical Applications
Influence
Biofeedback
Learning to Learn
Learning and Gaming
Craniosacral Therapy
Origins and Modern Practice
Beyond the Body
Dance Therapy
Dance Therapy
Encounter Groups
Encounters with Esalen
Roots and Remnants
Est and Other “Human Potential” Therapies
Therapy in Public
Controversy
Existential Psychotherapy
From Philosophy to Psychology
Feldenkrais Method
Philosophy and Development
The Method in Action
Does It Work?
Herbal Remedies
Herbalism across Time
Modern Herbalists
Essential Oils
Celebrity Interest
Macrobiotics
History
Macrobiotic Diet and Lifestyle
Magnet Therapy
Magnetism in the Flux of History
Magnetism’s Virtues and Vices
Meditation and Mindfulness
Historic Varieties
Transcendental Meditation and After
Milieu Therapy and Therapeutic Community
A Brief History of Therapeutic Community in the United States
Contemporary Therapeutic Community
Looking Ahead
Primal Therapy and Feeling Therapy
Primal Therapy
Feeling Therapy
Reflexology
Ancient, Modern, or Mix?
Noted Users and Uses
Rolfing
Ida P. Rolf
Structural Integration
Vegetarianism
Varieties of Vegetarianism
Becoming Vegetarian
Health Benefits
Modern Vegetarians
Voodoo and Santería
Voodoo
Santería
Yoga
History and Development
Health Benefits of Yoga
1980s–2000
Introduction
Aging Prevention, or “Successful Aging”
Senior Living
Looking for Solutions
Anger and Anger Management
What Is Anger?
Anger and Aggression
Dysfunctional Anger
What Causes Dysfunctional Anger?
Treatments for Anger and Aggression
Antioxidants
Boosting Antioxidant Intake
Codependency Counseling
What Is Codependency?
Codependency Counseling
Crystals
Crystal Basics
Crystal Healing
Detox Diets
Why Detox?
What Does a Detox Diet Involve?
Do Detox Diets Work?
Can Detox Diets Be Harmful?
Other Types of Detox
Diet Pills and Metabolism Boosters
The Body and Dieting in History
Medications and Supplements
Risks and Benefits
Guided Imagery, or Visualization
Imagery in Time
Types of Visual Healing
Health and Wellness Gurus
What Is a Guru?
Celebrity Extravaganza
Outlook
Infomercials and Wellness Promotion
From Information to Health and Wellness
Juice and Juicing
What’s in Your Juice?
Popular Drinks?
The Juice-Cleanse Tie
Juice: Yea or Nay?
Mind–Body Medicine
Background
Eastern Principles
Naturopathic Medicine
Historical Background
Past Life Regression Therapy
Past Life Therapy
Popular Portrayals
Recovered Memory Therapy, “Split Personality,” and Satanism
Deep Memory
Multiple Personality Goes to the Movies
From MPD to “Satanic Ritual Abuse”
Recovery Movement
History and Philosophy
Outcomes
Conclusion
Reiki and Therapeutic Touch
Therapeutic Touch
Self-Help
Self-Help Methods
Self-Help Benefits, Drawbacks, and Points to Consider
Shamanism and Neo-Shamanism
Healing Magic
The New Shamanism
Shiatsu
Roots and Range of Approaches
Shiatsu vs. Acupressure
Stress and Stress Management
Variable Responses to Stressors
Culture, Society, and Stress
Addressing Stress
Sweat Lodges and Saunas
Sweat Lodges
Saunas
Tai Chi and Qigong
Tai Chi
Qigong
Vitamins and Minerals
Vitamins
Minerals
Walking and Jogging
From Competitive Sport to Exercise
Walking and Health
Exercise Options
2000–Present
Introduction
Bottled Water
History
Definitions of Types
Bottled Water Issues
Breathwork
Historical Roots
Breathwork in Therapy
Breathwork and the Stars
Cupping
History of Cupping
How Does Cupping Work?
Types of Cupping
Modern Resurgence of Cupping
Deep Brain Stimulation
Brain Trials . . . and Tribulations
From Brain to Mind
Drama Therapy
Drama
Psychodrama
Drama Therapy
Principles and Techniques of Drama Therapy
Clients
Eating Organic
History of the Organic Farming Movement
Mainstreaming Organic
Current Organic Farming in the United States
Qualities of Organic Food
Fat and Obesity Surgery—and Other Weight-Loss Methods
Live Tapeworms
Arsenic
The Great Masticator
Cigarette Smoking
Sauna Pants
Creams and Soaps
Weight-Reducing Girdles
Narrative Therapy and Writing Therapy
What Is Writing Therapy?
What about Narrative Therapy?
How Are the Two Therapies Related?
Neurodiversity
Origins and Development of the Concept
Accommodations, Services, and Infrastructures
Stakeholders
Conclusion
Paleo Diet
Specifics of the Paleo Diet
Pet Therapy
History of Development
Terminology and Techniques
Benefits and Questions
Psychedelic Drugs
Psychedelic Therapy
About the Author and Contributors
Author
Contributors
Index