Allelopathy: New Concepts And Methodology

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgement
Contents
SECTION 1: New Methodology and Approach (Dose Response, Bioassay)
1. Dose/Response Relationships in Allelopathy Research
Introduction
Classical Dose/Response Relationships with Pure Compounds and Mixtures
Dose/Response and Mode of Action
Hormesis
Dosing with Plant Densities
Conclusion
References
2. Can Data Derived from Field and Laboratory Bioassays Establish the Existence of Allelopathic Interactions in Nature?
Introduction
Discussion
Alternative Hypotheses
Experimental Approaches
Mathematical Models
Some Misconceptions about Mathematical Models
Can Empirical Models be used to Establish the Existence of Allelopathic Interactions in Nature?
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
3. Plant-box Method: A Specific Bioassay to Evaluate Allelopathy through Root Exudates
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Plant Preparation
Root Zone-separating Tube Preparation
Selection of Gel-supports
Calculation of Allelopathic Activity
Selection of Optimum Agar Concentration
Test for Migration Speed of Compounds
Agar Preparation
Transplanting of Test Plants into Plant-box
Seeding Process
Plant Growth Conditions
Protocol For Plant-Box Method
Results and Discussions
Tang and Zhang's Teflon Ring Separation Method
Establishment of the Plant-box Method
Selection of Gel-supports
Assessment of Allelopathic Activity by the Plant-box Method
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
SECTION 2: New Allelochemicals (Pharmaceuticals, Degradation, Promotion, Ion Dissolution)
4. Isolation, Structural Elucidation and Synthesis of Biologically Active Allelochemicals for Potential Use as Pharameceutica
Introduction
Materials and Methods
B16 Melanoma
PC3
Etiolated Wheat Coleoptiles
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References
5.Recent Chemical Aspects of Wheat Allelopathy
Introduction
Quantification of Allelochemicals in Wheat
Practical Application of Quantitative Techniques
Sample preparation
Chromatographic conditions
Mass sepectrometry conditions
Quantifying method
Wheat Root Exudates
Correlations Between Wheat Allelochemical Concentrations and Observed Phytotoxicity
Metabolic Studies on Wheat Allelochemics
References
6. Ecological Relevance of the Degradation Processes of Allelochemicals
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Origin of DIMBO and their Derivatives
Soil Collection
Sampling and Processing of Soil
Analysis of Hydroxamic Acids in Soil
Results
Degradation
Bioassay Resluts
Discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
7. Iron Dissolution Reaction of Mugineic Acids for Iron Acquisition of Graminaceous Plants
Introduction
Iron-Deficiency of Plants in the World
Iron-Acqisition Mechanisms of Plants Under Iron-Deficient Conditions
Chemical from of Iron in Soil
Reactions of Mugineic Acid with Soil Minerals and Soils
Kinetics of the Interaction between Mugineic Acid and Ferrihydrite
Interactions of Mugineic Acid with Ferrihydrite as Affected by pH
Interactions of Mugineic Acid with Various Fe Minerals
Mechanisms of Interaction between Mugineic Acid and Fe Minerals
Influences of Coexisting Ions on the Interactions between Mugineic Acid and Fe Minerals
Interactions between Mugineic Acid and other Soil Components
Interactions of Mugineic Acid with Crude Soil
Conclusion
References
8. Chemical and Biological Analysis of Novel Allelopathic Substances, Lepidimoide and Lepidiom
Introduction
Structure-Activity Relationship
Arabidopsis Bioassay
Effect on Senescence
Effect on Abscission
Effect on CHL Biosynthesis
Effect on Glycolytic Metabolism
Conclusions and Prospects
Acknowledgments
References
SECTION 3:Allelopathy in Potential Invasive Weeds
9. Allelopathic Activity of White Rocket [Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) DC.]
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Laboratory Experiments
Experiment 1. Effect of full-strength aqueous extracts
Experiment 2. Effect of extract concentrations
Experiment 3. Effect of root exudates
Experiment 4. Effect of foliage leachates
Experiment 5. Effect of volatile materials
Glasshouse Experiments
Experiment 6. Effect of soil incorporated residues
Experiment 7. Effect of surfface placed residues
Experiment 8. Effect of root exudates
Experiment 9. Effect of floiage leachates added to the soil
Experiment 10. Effect of decayed residues
Statistics and data analysis
Results
Laboratory Experiments
Experiment 1. Effect of full-strength aqueous extracts
Experiment 2. Effect of extract concentrations
Experiment 3. Effect of root exudates
Experiment 4. Effect of foliage leachates on wheat
Experiment 5. Effect of volatile materials
Glasshouse Experiments
Experiment 6. Effect of soil incorporated residues
Experiment 7. Effect of surface placed residues
Experiment 8. Effect of root exudates
Experiment 9. Effect of foliage leachates
Experiment 10. Effect of decayed residues
Discussion
Conclusion
References
10. Weed-crop Interferences in Hungary
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Laboratory Experiments (Bioassays)
Pot Experiments
Results and Discussion
Laboratory Experiments (Bioassays)
Pot Experiments
Acknowledgments
References
SECTION 4: Allelopathic Cover Crops to Suppress Weeds
11. Allelopathic Activity of Buckwheat: A Ground Cover Crop for Weed Control
Introduction
Allelopathic Substances Isolated from Aerial Parts of Buckwheat
Field Experiments
Laboratory Experiments
Conclusion
References
12. Sunflower-desired Allelopathic Crop for Sustainable and Organic Agriculture?
Introduction
Variation in Allelopathic Activity of Sunflower—Bioassays
Genotypic Variation
Organ-specificity
Effects of Environmental Conditions
Allelopathic Activity Against Most Common Weeds
Allelopathic Effects of Sunflower on Crops
Performance of ALlelopathic Activity of Sunflower in the Field
Allelopathic Activity Against Most Common Weeds
Allelopathic Activity Towards Crops
Autotoxicity
Prospects for Exploitation of Sunflower Allelopathy in Practice
Future Study on Sunflower Allelopathy
Acknowledgement
References
13. The Potential for Allelopathy During Decomposition of Hairy Vetch Residue
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
Evidence for Allelochemicals in Hairy Vetch Leaves
Synergism between Natural Toxins and Surface Residue in Natural Systems
Model for Weed Suppression by Hairy Vetch Residue and the Role of Allelopathy
References
14. Allelopathic Effect of Astragalus adsurgens Pall Root Culture
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Root Culture
Collection of Culture Filtrate
Bioassay Procedure
Experiment 1
Experiment 2
Experiment 3
Experiment 4
Results
Effect of A. adsurgens Root Culture Filtrates on Radicle and Coleoptile Elongation of Alfalfa, A.adsurgens and Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Effect of Root Culture Filtrate on Grwoth of S. Chamaejasme Radicle
Discussion
Acknowledgements
References
15. Evaluation of Weed Suppressive Effect of Allelochemicals of Ornamental Marigold Species
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Conclusion
References
SECTION 5: Rice Allelopathy
16. Rice Allelopathy
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Plant Materials
Extraction of Water-soluble Components
Bioassay with Lettuce
DNA Analysis
QTL Analysis
Results
Inhibitory Effect Detected in the Extracts from Rice Plants at Different Growth Stages
QTL Analysis
Conclusion
References
17. Allelochemicals Involved in Rice Allelopathy
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Instruments and Allelopathic Rice Seedings
Isolation and Identification of Secondary Rice Metabolites
Analysis of Allelochemicals in Soil
Bioassays
Results
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
SECTION 6: New Approach in Tree Allelopathy
18. Variation in Allelopathic Influence among Wide Range of Tree Species
Introduction
Difference in Vegetation Under Trees Among 120 Species
Difference in Soil Properties Under Trees Among 175 Species
Discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
19. Monitoring Allelopathic Expression and Functional Performance of Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.): A Case Study
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Allelopathic Potentiality of Leaf
Plant materials
Bioassay
Crude water-soluble extraction of tamarind leaf
Germination test
Physiological experiment
Allelopathic Potentiality of Root
Plant materials
Plant-box method experiment
Soil preparation and greenhouse experiment
Soil sampling
Soil-agar sandwich method experiment
Allelopathic Potentiality of seed and seed-coat
Preparation of seed and seed-coat
Germination test
Pot culture experiment
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
20. Influence of Water Extract from Uncaria tomentosa Bark on Ultrastructure of Capsicum
Introduction
Material and Methods
Results
Conclusion
References
SECTION 7: New Field in Allelopathy (Aquatic Plants, Mushrooms, Insects, Animals)
21. Production of Allelochemicals by an Aquatic Plant, Myriophyllum spicatum L.
Introduction
Polyphenols
Fatty Acids
Contribution of Polyphenols and Fatty Acids to the Allelopathic Effect on Cyanobacteria
Modes of Action of Allelochemicals
Conclusion
References
22. Fruiting Bodies of Mushrooms as Allelopathic Plants
Introduction
Mushroom Allelopathy
Materials and Methods
Materials
Bioassay
Results
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
23. Allelopathic Action of Triticale Allelochemicals Towards Grain Aphid
Introduction
Material and Methods
Plant Material
Field Experiments
Laboratory Tests
Aphid Feeding Recordings
Extraction of Surface Waxes
GC-MS Analysis
Cereal Allelochemicals and Nutrients Assays
Statistics
Results and Discussion
Effect of Surface Allelochemicals on Host-plant Selection by the Grain Aphid
Effect of Allelochemicals Occurring within Cereal Peripheral Tissues on the Grain Aphid Probing Behavior
Effect of Cereal Nutrients and Allelochemicals on the Grain Aphid Growth and Development
Conclusion
References
24. Rat Sexual Behavior and Volatile Substance from Plants
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Plants Derived Odorants and its Delivery System
Animals
Statistics
Results
Male Sexual Behavior
Female Sexual Behavior
Conclusion
References
Index