All IP in 3G CDMA Networks: The UMTS Infrastructure and Service Platforms for Future Mobile Systems

All IP in 3G CDMA Networks......Page 4
Contents......Page 10
Preface......Page 20
Abbreviations......Page 24
1.1 The Growth of Mobile Communications......Page 32
1.2 Roadmap to Broadband Wireless Multimedia......Page 34
1.2.1 Convergence of Fixed and Mobile Networks......Page 36
1.2.2 The Next Decade of UMTS......Page 37
1.3 UMTS Performance Enhancing Technologies......Page 39
1.3.2 Applying New Technologies in Evolving UMTS Networks......Page 40
1.3.3 Capacity Increasing Antennas......Page 41
1.3.4 Multi-User Detection Techniques......Page 42
1.3.6 Packet Oriented Architecture......Page 43
1.4.1 UMTS Services Aspects......Page 46
1.4.3 IP-Multimedia CN Subsystem (IMS) Requirements......Page 48
References......Page 52
2.1.1 Multiple-Access Options......Page 54
2.1.2 Signal Processing Aspects......Page 57
2.2.1 Mapping High Level Requirements onto Test Environments......Page 66
2.2.3 Indoor Office......Page 68
2.2.4 Outdoor-to-Indoor and Pedestrian......Page 70
2.2.5 Vehicular......Page 72
2.2.6 Mixed......Page 75
2.2.7 Channel Impulse Response......Page 77
2.2.8 Traffic Types and Propagation Models......Page 79
References......Page 81
3.1.1 UMTS Service Characteristics......Page 84
3.1.2 Application Development Principles......Page 85
3.1.3 UMTS Service Features......Page 92
3.2 The UMTS Bearer Architecture......Page 94
3.2.1 Radio Access – Core – Backbone and Iu Bearer Relations......Page 95
3.2.2 Management and Allocation of QoS Functions......Page 96
3.3.1 Source of Attributes......Page 99
3.3.2 UMTS and Radio-Access Bearer Service Attributes......Page 100
3.4.1 Conversational Class......Page 102
3.4.2 Streaming......Page 104
3.4.3 Interactive......Page 105
3.4.5 Summary of UMTS and RAB Service Attributes......Page 106
3.4.7 UMTS Bearer and RAB Service Attribute Value Ranges......Page 107
3.5.1 From UMTS Bearer Services to RAB Service Attributes......Page 109
3.6.2 QoS End-to-End Functional Architecture......Page 110
3.6.3 Capabilities of Key End-to-End QoS Functional Elements......Page 113
3.6.4 Go Interface (PDF–GGSN) Functional Requirements......Page 116
3.6.5 Implementing End-to-End QoS......Page 118
3.7.1 UMTS-GSM CS......Page 119
3.7.2 UMTS-GSM GPRS......Page 120
3.7.4 UMTS-ISDN......Page 122
3.7.5 UMTS-Internet......Page 123
3.7.6 Error in Real-Time Packet Multimedia Payloads......Page 124
3.7.7 Discriminating QoS Profiles......Page 125
3.8.1 Sensitivity to IP Transmission Impairments......Page 126
3.8.2 UMTS Generic Services......Page 128
3.8.3 Family of UMTS Users......Page 135
3.8.4 Cost and Services......Page 136
3.8.5 UMTS Services Technology......Page 137
References......Page 138
4.1 Summary of Features......Page 140
4.2.2 Common Transport Channels......Page 143
4.3 Configuration of FDD Physical Channels......Page 144
4.3.2 Dedicated Uplink Physical Channels......Page 145
4.3.3 Common Uplink Physical Channels......Page 149
4.3.4 Uplink Channelisation Codes......Page 155
4.3.5 Uplink Scrambling Codes......Page 157
4.3.6 Uplink Power Control Procedure......Page 164
4.3.7 Downlink Physical Channels......Page 169
4.3.8 Dedicated Downlink Physical Channels......Page 170
4.3.9 Common Downlink Physical Channels......Page 176
4.3.11 Timing Relationship Between Physical Channels......Page 187
4.3.12 Downlink Spreading......Page 191
4.3.13 Downlink Power Control Procedure......Page 195
4.3.14 The Compressed Mode Procedure......Page 197
4.3.15 Handover Procedures......Page 200
4.3.16 Other FDD Mode Physical Layer Procedures......Page 204
4.4.1 Frame Structure......Page 205
4.4.3 Burst Types......Page 206
4.4.6 The Synchronisation Channel (SCH)......Page 209
4.4.7 Physical Uplink/Downlink Shared Channels......Page 210
4.4.8 The Page Indicator Channel (PICH)......Page 211
4.4.11 Mapping Transport Channels onto Physical Channels......Page 212
4.4.12 Mapping Common Transport Channels......Page 213
4.5.1 Modulation and Symbol Rate......Page 214
4.5.3 Spreading Parameters and Channelisation Codes......Page 215
4.5.4 Scrambling Codes......Page 216
4.5.5 Spreading Data Symbols and Data Blocks......Page 217
4.5.6 Synchronisation Codes......Page 218
4.6 Multiplexing and Channel Coding......Page 219
4.6.1 Error Detection and CRC Calculations......Page 220
4.6.2 Transport Block Concatenation and Code Block Segmentation......Page 222
4.6.3 Channel Coding......Page 223
4.6.6 Radio Frame Segmentation......Page 226
4.6.8 TrCH Multiplexing......Page 228
4.6.9 Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) Bits Insertion......Page 229
4.6.10 Physical Channel Segmentation......Page 231
4.6.11 Second Inter-leaving......Page 232
4.6.13 Detection of the Transport Format......Page 233
4.6.14 Mapping of TFCI Words......Page 237
4.6.15 Examples on Channel Coding and Multiplexing......Page 238
References......Page 242
Appendix A: DPDCH and DPCCH Fields......Page 243
Appendix B: Bit Patterns Compressed Mode and N(pilot) = 4......Page 245
5.1.1 The UMTS High Level System Architecture......Page 246
5.1.2 Co-existence of Present and Future Networks......Page 248
5.2.1 Network Evolution Towards UMTS......Page 249
5.2.2 Key Release 1999 Architectural Requirements......Page 253
5.2.3 Co-existence Inter-operability Issues......Page 254
5.3.1 Entities Common to PS and CS Sub-domains......Page 255
5.3.2 Entities in the CS Sub-domain......Page 259
5.3.3 PS Domain Entities......Page 261
5.3.4 Other Specific Core Mobile System Entities......Page 262
5.3.6 Access Network Entities......Page 265
5.3.7 The Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) Configuration......Page 266
5.4.1 UTRAN Architecture......Page 267
5.5.2 System Access Control......Page 268
5.5.5 Radio Resource Management and Control Functions......Page 270
5.6.2 Impacts of Mobility Handling......Page 274
5.7.2 Node B O&M......Page 275
5.8.3 Vertical Planes......Page 277
5.9.1 ATM Principles......Page 280
5.9.2 ATM-Network Resource Management......Page 284
5.9.3 Mapping ATM Layer to UTRAN Interfaces......Page 287
5.10.1 Protocol Structure......Page 292
5.10.2 Services and Functions in Layer 1......Page 293
5.10.3 Services and Functions in Layer 2......Page 295
5.10.5 Broadcast and Multicast Control–Services and Functions......Page 300
5.10.7 The Radio Resource Control (RRC) Functions......Page 301
References......Page 302
Appendix A: UMTS Functional Domains......Page 304
6.1.1 UMTS Release 1999 and Medium-Term Architecture......Page 308
6.1.3 All IP and Service Evolution......Page 309
6.1.4 Classifying Releases 4 and 5 Services......Page 310
6.2 Framework for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem......Page 311
6.3 IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) Configuration......Page 312
6.3.2 Summary of IMS Interface and Reference Points......Page 313
6.3.3 Cx Reference Point (HSS–CSCF)......Page 314
6.3.6 Gi (GGSN–Multimedia IP Network)......Page 315
6.3.10 Iu Reference Point......Page 316
6.3.12 Mc Reference Point (MGCF–MGW)......Page 317
6.3.18 Mm Reference Point (CSCF–Multimedia IP Networks)......Page 318
6.3.23 Mw Reference Point (CSCF–CSCF)......Page 319
6.3.26 CAP-Based Interfaces......Page 320
6.3.27 IMS Service Control Interface (ISC)......Page 321
6.3.28 Call State Control Function (CSCF) and its Basic Tasks......Page 322
6.3.29 IMS Service Provision Architecture......Page 324
6.3.31 IP-Multimedia SIP Registration Handling......Page 327
6.3.32 MO and MT IMS Session Handling......Page 329
6.3.35 IMS Charging......Page 330
6.3.38 Media Gateway Control Function (MGCF)......Page 334
6.3.39 Media Gateway Function (MGW)......Page 335
6.4.1 Address Management......Page 336
6.4.2 Addressing and Routing to Access IM-Subsystem Services......Page 337
6.4.3 Context Activation and Registration......Page 338
6.4.4 Location Management......Page 339
6.5 Multimedia Signalling......Page 341
6.5.1 Support of Roaming Subscribers......Page 342
6.6.1 CSCF–Establishing PDP Context for IMS Signalling......Page 343
6.6.2 Local CSCF Discovery Procedures......Page 344
6.6.3 Serving-CSCF Assignment Procedures......Page 346
6.6.5 Subscription Updating Procedures......Page 347
6.6.6 Application Level Registration Procedures......Page 348
6.6.7 Application Level De-registration Procedures......Page 354
6.6.10 Inter-working with PSTN......Page 359
6.6.11 IMS Session Control Requirements......Page 360
6.6.13 Terminal Capabilities–End-User Preferences......Page 361
6.6.14 Interaction Between QoS and Session Signalling......Page 363
6.6.16 Event and Information Distribution......Page 367
6.6.17 Overview of Session Flow Procedures......Page 369
6.6.18 Signalling Transport Inter-working......Page 370
6.7 IMS Transport Issues......Page 371
6.7.2 Differences Between IPv4 and IPv6......Page 372
6.7.3 IPv4 and IPv6 Inter-operability......Page 373
6.7.4 Conclusions on IPv4 and IPv6 Inter-operability......Page 377
6.7.5 Advanced IPv6 Mobility Features......Page 378
6.7.6 IPv6–IPv4 Inter-operability Scenarios in IMS......Page 380
6.8 Deploying IMS Solutions......Page 388
6.8.1 IMS Commercial Implementation Issues......Page 389
6.8.3 Seamless Migration to Fully Capable IMS......Page 393
6.9 Conclusions......Page 394
References......Page 395
7.2 Network Dimensioning Principles......Page 398
7.2.1 Coverage and Capacity Trade-off in the FDD Mode......Page 399
7.3 Parameters for Multi-service Traffic......Page 400
7.3.1 Circuit- and Packet-Switched Services......Page 401
7.4 Establishing Service Models......Page 403
7.6.1 The Coverage Concept......Page 404
7.6.2 Radio Network Parameter Assumptions......Page 406
7.6.4 Packet-Switched Applications......Page 409
7.6.5 Characteristic of CDMA Cells......Page 410
7.6.6 Link Budgets......Page 412
7.6.7 Coverage Analysis......Page 418
7.7.1 Dimensioning the Iub......Page 420
7.7.2 RNC Capacity......Page 421
7.8 Radio Network Dimensioning Field Study......Page 423
7.8.1 Lower-Bound Results......Page 424
7.8.2 Upper-Bound Results......Page 425
7.9.1 CN Analysis Assumptions......Page 431
7.9.2 Reference Outputs in CN Dimensioning......Page 434
7.10.1 Building 3G Transport Systems......Page 437
7.10.2 Transmission Reference Network......Page 438
7.10.3 Transmission Dimensioning Results......Page 442
7.11 Co-Locating and Sharing Sites......Page 445
7.11.1 Interference Levels and De-coupling......Page 446
7.12.1 Co-siting GSM 1800 and UMTS......Page 448
References......Page 451
8.1.1 HSDPA Principles......Page 452
8.1.2 HSDPA Supporting Technology Overview......Page 454
8.2 HSDPA and Radio-Access Network Architecture......Page 457
8.3.2 HS-DSCH Modulation......Page 458
8.4.1 Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request – HARQ......Page 459
8.4.2 First Rate Matching Stage Parameters......Page 460
8.4.3 Second Rate Matching Stage Parameter......Page 461
8.5.1 Key HS-DSCH Downlink Characteristics......Page 462
8.5.2 The Uplink HS-DPCCH Characteristics......Page 465
8.6.1 EU Key Characteristics......Page 469
8.6.2 HSDPA Technology Assessment......Page 470
8.7 Terminal Receiver Aspects......Page 484
8.7.2 Cell Throughput and Coverage......Page 485
8.7.3 Delay and QoS......Page 489
8.8.1 Multiple Receiver and Transmit Antenna Techniques......Page 490
References......Page 491
9.2.1 Transmit to Receive (TX-RX) Frequency Separation......Page 494
9.3.1 Maximum Output Power......Page 496
9.3.3 Output Power Dynamics......Page 498
9.3.4 Out-of-Synchronisation Output Power Handling......Page 501
9.3.5 Transmit ON/OFF Power......Page 502
9.3.6 Output RF Spectrum Emissions......Page 504
9.4.3 Adjacent Channel Selectivity (ACS)......Page 508
9.4.4 Blocking......Page 509
9.4.6 Inter-Modulation (IMD)......Page 510
9.4.7 Spurious Emissions Power......Page 511
9.5.1 Co-existence FDD/FDD: ACIR......Page 512
9.5.2 Description of the Propagation Models......Page 515
9.5.3 The Simulation Process......Page 518
9.5.4 Modeling of Handover and Power Control......Page 519
9.5.5 System Loading......Page 522
9.5.6 BTS Receiver Blocking and Simulation Assumptions......Page 523
9.5.7 Example Results FDD/FDD......Page 525
9.5.8 BTS Receiver Blocking......Page 528
References......Page 532
10.1 Introduction......Page 534
10.2.1 The Streaming Solution......Page 536
10.2.2 The Content Downloading Solution......Page 546
10.3.1 Enabling Push-to-Talk over Cellular-PoC......Page 550
10.4 Enabling Location Communication Services (LCS)......Page 553
10.4.1 UTRAN UE Positioning Architecture......Page 554
10.4.2 LCS Categories and UE Positioning Methods......Page 555
10.4.3 The Cell ID based Positioning Method......Page 556
10.4.4 The Observed Time Difference of Arrival (OTDOA) Method......Page 557
10.4.5 Network Assisted GPS Positioning Method......Page 558
10.4.6 The Location Communications Services Architecture......Page 559
10.5 VHE/OSA......Page 567
10.5.2 Implementation Options of the VHE/OSA......Page 568
10.5.3 The SIM Application Toolkit (SAT)......Page 569
10.6 Conclusions......Page 571
References......Page 572
11.2.1 Managing Power......Page 574
11.3.2 Network Management Characteristics......Page 578
11.3.3 A Generic Functional View of a 3G NMS System......Page 579
11.3.4 Main 3G Network Elements for Management......Page 580
11.4.1 ACIR Impacts in a Multi-operator Environment......Page 583
11.4.2 Enhancing and Managing Capacity......Page 584
References......Page 587
12.1.1 Background......Page 590
12.1.2 Why WLANs Now?......Page 591
12.2 WLAN Deployment Scenarios......Page 592
12.3 Train WLANs and Other Deployment Scenarios......Page 593
12.3.1 Propagation Aspects and Capacity......Page 594
12.3.2 Bluetooth-WLAN Combined Deployment Options......Page 597
12.4.1 Maximising OCH Transport Network Usage......Page 598
12.5.1 SIM Authentication......Page 599
12.6 Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE)......Page 600
12.6.2 Enhanced Circuit-Switched Data (ECSD)......Page 601
12.6.3 Enhanced General Packet Radio Service (EGPRS)......Page 602
12.6.4 EDGE Network Pre-requisites......Page 603
12.6.5 EDGE Network Deployment Aspects......Page 604
12.7.1 IP-Based Radio Architecture......Page 606
12.8 WiMAX – Enhancing Broadband Hotspots......Page 608
12.8.2 Consolidating Inter-operability......Page 609
References......Page 610
Index......Page 614