All IP in 3G CDMA Networks: The UMTS Infrastructure and Service Platforms for Future Mobile Systems

All IP in 3G CDMA Networks......Page 3
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 19
Abbreviations......Page 23
1.1 The Growth of Mobile Communications......Page 31
1.2 Roadmap to Broadband Wireless Multimedia......Page 33
1.2.1 Convergence of Fixed and Mobile Networks......Page 35
1.2.2 The Next Decade of UMTS......Page 36
1.3 UMTS Performance Enhancing Technologies......Page 38
1.3.2 Applying New Technologies in Evolving UMTS Networks......Page 39
1.3.3 Capacity Increasing Antennas......Page 40
1.3.4 Multi-User Detection Techniques......Page 41
1.3.6 Packet Oriented Architecture......Page 42
1.4.1 UMTS Services Aspects......Page 45
1.4.3 IP-Multimedia CN Subsystem (IMS) Requirements......Page 47
References......Page 51
2.1.1 Multiple-Access Options......Page 53
2.1.2 Signal Processing Aspects......Page 56
2.2.1 Mapping High Level Requirements onto Test Environments......Page 65
2.2.3 Indoor Office......Page 67
2.2.4 Outdoor-to-Indoor and Pedestrian......Page 69
2.2.5 Vehicular......Page 71
2.2.6 Mixed......Page 74
2.2.7 Channel Impulse Response......Page 76
2.2.8 Traffic Types and Propagation Models......Page 78
References......Page 80
3.1.1 UMTS Service Characteristics......Page 83
3.1.2 Application Development Principles......Page 84
3.1.3 UMTS Service Features......Page 91
3.2 The UMTS Bearer Architecture......Page 93
3.2.1 Radio Access – Core – Backbone and Iu Bearer Relations......Page 94
3.2.2 Management and Allocation of QoS Functions......Page 95
3.3.1 Source of Attributes......Page 98
3.3.2 UMTS and Radio-Access Bearer Service Attributes......Page 99
3.4.1 Conversational Class......Page 101
3.4.2 Streaming......Page 103
3.4.3 Interactive......Page 104
3.4.5 Summary of UMTS and RAB Service Attributes......Page 105
3.4.7 UMTS Bearer and RAB Service Attribute Value Ranges......Page 106
3.5.1 From UMTS Bearer Services to RAB Service Attributes......Page 108
3.6.2 QoS End-to-End Functional Architecture......Page 109
3.6.3 Capabilities of Key End-to-End QoS Functional Elements......Page 112
3.6.4 Go Interface (PDF–GGSN) Functional Requirements......Page 115
3.6.5 Implementing End-to-End QoS......Page 117
3.7.1 UMTS-GSM CS......Page 118
3.7.2 UMTS-GSM GPRS......Page 119
3.7.4 UMTS-ISDN......Page 121
3.7.5 UMTS-Internet......Page 122
3.7.6 Error in Real-Time Packet Multimedia Payloads......Page 123
3.7.7 Discriminating QoS Profiles......Page 124
3.8.1 Sensitivity to IP Transmission Impairments......Page 125
3.8.2 UMTS Generic Services......Page 127
3.8.3 Family of UMTS Users......Page 134
3.8.4 Cost and Services......Page 135
3.8.5 UMTS Services Technology......Page 136
References......Page 137
4.1 Summary of Features......Page 139
4.2.2 Common Transport Channels......Page 142
4.3 Configuration of FDD Physical Channels......Page 143
4.3.2 Dedicated Uplink Physical Channels......Page 144
4.3.3 Common Uplink Physical Channels......Page 148
4.3.4 Uplink Channelisation Codes......Page 154
4.3.5 Uplink Scrambling Codes......Page 156
4.3.6 Uplink Power Control Procedure......Page 163
4.3.7 Downlink Physical Channels......Page 168
4.3.8 Dedicated Downlink Physical Channels......Page 169
4.3.9 Common Downlink Physical Channels......Page 175
4.3.11 Timing Relationship Between Physical Channels......Page 186
4.3.12 Downlink Spreading......Page 190
4.3.13 Downlink Power Control Procedure......Page 194
4.3.14 The Compressed Mode Procedure......Page 196
4.3.15 Handover Procedures......Page 199
4.3.16 Other FDD Mode Physical Layer Procedures......Page 203
4.4.1 Frame Structure......Page 204
4.4.3 Burst Types......Page 205
4.4.6 The Synchronisation Channel (SCH)......Page 208
4.4.7 Physical Uplink/Downlink Shared Channels......Page 209
4.4.8 The Page Indicator Channel (PICH)......Page 210
4.4.11 Mapping Transport Channels onto Physical Channels......Page 211
4.4.12 Mapping Common Transport Channels......Page 212
4.5.1 Modulation and Symbol Rate......Page 213
4.5.3 Spreading Parameters and Channelisation Codes......Page 214
4.5.4 Scrambling Codes......Page 215
4.5.5 Spreading Data Symbols and Data Blocks......Page 216
4.5.6 Synchronisation Codes......Page 217
4.6 Multiplexing and Channel Coding......Page 218
4.6.1 Error Detection and CRC Calculations......Page 219
4.6.2 Transport Block Concatenation and Code Block Segmentation......Page 221
4.6.3 Channel Coding......Page 222
4.6.6 Radio Frame Segmentation......Page 225
4.6.8 TrCH Multiplexing......Page 227
4.6.9 Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) Bits Insertion......Page 228
4.6.10 Physical Channel Segmentation......Page 230
4.6.11 Second Inter-leaving......Page 231
4.6.13 Detection of the Transport Format......Page 232
4.6.14 Mapping of TFCI Words......Page 236
4.6.15 Examples on Channel Coding and Multiplexing......Page 237
References......Page 241
Appendix A: DPDCH and DPCCH Fields......Page 242
Appendix B: Bit Patterns Compressed Mode and N(pilot) = 4......Page 244
5.1.1 The UMTS High Level System Architecture......Page 245
5.1.2 Co-existence of Present and Future Networks......Page 247
5.2.1 Network Evolution Towards UMTS......Page 248
5.2.2 Key Release 1999 Architectural Requirements......Page 252
5.2.3 Co-existence Inter-operability Issues......Page 253
5.3.1 Entities Common to PS and CS Sub-domains......Page 254
5.3.2 Entities in the CS Sub-domain......Page 258
5.3.3 PS Domain Entities......Page 260
5.3.4 Other Specific Core Mobile System Entities......Page 261
5.3.6 Access Network Entities......Page 264
5.3.7 The Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) Configuration......Page 265
5.4.1 UTRAN Architecture......Page 266
5.5.2 System Access Control......Page 267
5.5.5 Radio Resource Management and Control Functions......Page 269
5.6.2 Impacts of Mobility Handling......Page 273
5.7.2 Node B O&M......Page 274
5.8.3 Vertical Planes......Page 276
5.9.1 ATM Principles......Page 279
5.9.2 ATM-Network Resource Management......Page 283
5.9.3 Mapping ATM Layer to UTRAN Interfaces......Page 286
5.10.1 Protocol Structure......Page 291
5.10.2 Services and Functions in Layer 1......Page 292
5.10.3 Services and Functions in Layer 2......Page 294
5.10.5 Broadcast and Multicast Control–Services and Functions......Page 299
5.10.7 The Radio Resource Control (RRC) Functions......Page 300
References......Page 301
Appendix A: UMTS Functional Domains......Page 303
6.1.1 UMTS Release 1999 and Medium-Term Architecture......Page 307
6.1.3 All IP and Service Evolution......Page 308
6.1.4 Classifying Releases 4 and 5 Services......Page 309
6.2 Framework for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem......Page 310
6.3 IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) Configuration......Page 311
6.3.2 Summary of IMS Interface and Reference Points......Page 312
6.3.3 Cx Reference Point (HSS–CSCF)......Page 313
6.3.6 Gi (GGSN–Multimedia IP Network)......Page 314
6.3.10 Iu Reference Point......Page 315
6.3.12 Mc Reference Point (MGCF–MGW)......Page 316
6.3.18 Mm Reference Point (CSCF–Multimedia IP Networks)......Page 317
6.3.23 Mw Reference Point (CSCF–CSCF)......Page 318
6.3.26 CAP-Based Interfaces......Page 319
6.3.27 IMS Service Control Interface (ISC)......Page 320
6.3.28 Call State Control Function (CSCF) and its Basic Tasks......Page 321
6.3.29 IMS Service Provision Architecture......Page 323
6.3.31 IP-Multimedia SIP Registration Handling......Page 326
6.3.32 MO and MT IMS Session Handling......Page 328
6.3.35 IMS Charging......Page 329
6.3.38 Media Gateway Control Function (MGCF)......Page 333
6.3.39 Media Gateway Function (MGW)......Page 334
6.4.1 Address Management......Page 335
6.4.2 Addressing and Routing to Access IM-Subsystem Services......Page 336
6.4.3 Context Activation and Registration......Page 337
6.4.4 Location Management......Page 338
6.5 Multimedia Signalling......Page 340
6.5.1 Support of Roaming Subscribers......Page 341
6.6.1 CSCF–Establishing PDP Context for IMS Signalling......Page 342
6.6.2 Local CSCF Discovery Procedures......Page 343
6.6.3 Serving-CSCF Assignment Procedures......Page 345
6.6.5 Subscription Updating Procedures......Page 346
6.6.6 Application Level Registration Procedures......Page 347
6.6.7 Application Level De-registration Procedures......Page 353
6.6.10 Inter-working with PSTN......Page 358
6.6.11 IMS Session Control Requirements......Page 359
6.6.13 Terminal Capabilities–End-User Preferences......Page 360
6.6.14 Interaction Between QoS and Session Signalling......Page 362
6.6.16 Event and Information Distribution......Page 366
6.6.17 Overview of Session Flow Procedures......Page 368
6.6.18 Signalling Transport Inter-working......Page 369
6.7 IMS Transport Issues......Page 370
6.7.2 Differences Between IPv4 and IPv6......Page 371
6.7.3 IPv4 and IPv6 Inter-operability......Page 372
6.7.4 Conclusions on IPv4 and IPv6 Inter-operability......Page 376
6.7.5 Advanced IPv6 Mobility Features......Page 377
6.7.6 IPv6–IPv4 Inter-operability Scenarios in IMS......Page 379
6.8 Deploying IMS Solutions......Page 387
6.8.1 IMS Commercial Implementation Issues......Page 388
6.8.3 Seamless Migration to Fully Capable IMS......Page 392
6.9 Conclusions......Page 393
References......Page 394
7.2 Network Dimensioning Principles......Page 397
7.2.1 Coverage and Capacity Trade-off in the FDD Mode......Page 398
7.3 Parameters for Multi-service Traffic......Page 399
7.3.1 Circuit- and Packet-Switched Services......Page 400
7.4 Establishing Service Models......Page 402
7.6.1 The Coverage Concept......Page 403
7.6.2 Radio Network Parameter Assumptions......Page 405
7.6.4 Packet-Switched Applications......Page 408
7.6.5 Characteristic of CDMA Cells......Page 409
7.6.6 Link Budgets......Page 411
7.6.7 Coverage Analysis......Page 417
7.7.1 Dimensioning the Iub......Page 419
7.7.2 RNC Capacity......Page 420
7.8 Radio Network Dimensioning Field Study......Page 422
7.8.1 Lower-Bound Results......Page 423
7.8.2 Upper-Bound Results......Page 424
7.9.1 CN Analysis Assumptions......Page 430
7.9.2 Reference Outputs in CN Dimensioning......Page 433
7.10.1 Building 3G Transport Systems......Page 436
7.10.2 Transmission Reference Network......Page 437
7.10.3 Transmission Dimensioning Results......Page 441
7.11 Co-Locating and Sharing Sites......Page 444
7.11.1 Interference Levels and De-coupling......Page 445
7.12.1 Co-siting GSM 1800 and UMTS......Page 447
References......Page 450
8.1.1 HSDPA Principles......Page 451
8.1.2 HSDPA Supporting Technology Overview......Page 453
8.2 HSDPA and Radio-Access Network Architecture......Page 456
8.3.2 HS-DSCH Modulation......Page 457
8.4.1 Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request – HARQ......Page 458
8.4.2 First Rate Matching Stage Parameters......Page 459
8.4.3 Second Rate Matching Stage Parameter......Page 460
8.5.1 Key HS-DSCH Downlink Characteristics......Page 461
8.5.2 The Uplink HS-DPCCH Characteristics......Page 464
8.6.1 EU Key Characteristics......Page 468
8.6.2 HSDPA Technology Assessment......Page 469
8.7 Terminal Receiver Aspects......Page 483
8.7.2 Cell Throughput and Coverage......Page 484
8.7.3 Delay and QoS......Page 488
8.8.1 Multiple Receiver and Transmit Antenna Techniques......Page 489
References......Page 490
9.2.1 Transmit to Receive (TX-RX) Frequency Separation......Page 493
9.3.1 Maximum Output Power......Page 495
9.3.3 Output Power Dynamics......Page 497
9.3.4 Out-of-Synchronisation Output Power Handling......Page 500
9.3.5 Transmit ON/OFF Power......Page 501
9.3.6 Output RF Spectrum Emissions......Page 503
9.4.3 Adjacent Channel Selectivity (ACS)......Page 507
9.4.4 Blocking......Page 508
9.4.6 Inter-Modulation (IMD)......Page 509
9.4.7 Spurious Emissions Power......Page 510
9.5.1 Co-existence FDD/FDD: ACIR......Page 511
9.5.2 Description of the Propagation Models......Page 514
9.5.3 The Simulation Process......Page 517
9.5.4 Modeling of Handover and Power Control......Page 518
9.5.5 System Loading......Page 521
9.5.6 BTS Receiver Blocking and Simulation Assumptions......Page 522
9.5.7 Example Results FDD/FDD......Page 524
9.5.8 BTS Receiver Blocking......Page 527
References......Page 531
10.1 Introduction......Page 533
10.2.1 The Streaming Solution......Page 535
10.2.2 The Content Downloading Solution......Page 545
10.3.1 Enabling Push-to-Talk over Cellular-PoC......Page 549
10.4 Enabling Location Communication Services (LCS)......Page 552
10.4.1 UTRAN UE Positioning Architecture......Page 553
10.4.2 LCS Categories and UE Positioning Methods......Page 554
10.4.3 The Cell ID based Positioning Method......Page 555
10.4.4 The Observed Time Difference of Arrival (OTDOA) Method......Page 556
10.4.5 Network Assisted GPS Positioning Method......Page 557
10.4.6 The Location Communications Services Architecture......Page 558
10.5 VHE/OSA......Page 566
10.5.2 Implementation Options of the VHE/OSA......Page 567
10.5.3 The SIM Application Toolkit (SAT)......Page 568
10.6 Conclusions......Page 570
References......Page 571
11.2.1 Managing Power......Page 573
11.3.2 Network Management Characteristics......Page 577
11.3.3 A Generic Functional View of a 3G NMS System......Page 578
11.3.4 Main 3G Network Elements for Management......Page 579
11.4.1 ACIR Impacts in a Multi-operator Environment......Page 582
11.4.2 Enhancing and Managing Capacity......Page 583
References......Page 586
12.1.1 Background......Page 589
12.1.2 Why WLANs Now?......Page 590
12.2 WLAN Deployment Scenarios......Page 591
12.3 Train WLANs and Other Deployment Scenarios......Page 592
12.3.1 Propagation Aspects and Capacity......Page 593
12.3.2 Bluetooth-WLAN Combined Deployment Options......Page 596
12.4.1 Maximising OCH Transport Network Usage......Page 597
12.5.1 SIM Authentication......Page 598
12.6 Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE)......Page 599
12.6.2 Enhanced Circuit-Switched Data (ECSD)......Page 600
12.6.3 Enhanced General Packet Radio Service (EGPRS)......Page 601
12.6.4 EDGE Network Pre-requisites......Page 602
12.6.5 EDGE Network Deployment Aspects......Page 603
12.7.1 IP-Based Radio Architecture......Page 605
12.8 WiMAX – Enhancing Broadband Hotspots......Page 607
12.8.2 Consolidating Inter-operability......Page 608
References......Page 609
Index......Page 613