Alginate Biomaterial: Drug Delivery Strategies and Biomedical Engineering

Contents
About the Editors
Alginate Based Matrix Tablet for Drug Delivery
1 Introduction
2 Physicochemical Properties of Alginate
3 Oral Drug Delivery of Alginate-Based Matrix Tablet
3.1 Types of Matrix-Based Tablets
3.1.1 Immediate Release Matrix Tablets
3.1.2 Controlled Released Matrix Tablets
4 Preparation of Alginate-Based Matrix Tablets with Co-polymer
4.1 Grafted Co-polymers of Polyacrylamide-Sodium Alginate (PAam-g-SA) Based Matrix Tablet
4.2 Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose (HPMC) with Sodium Alginate-Based Matrix Tablets
4.3 Methyl Cellulose Polymers with Sodium Alginate-Based Matrix Tablets
4.4 Chitosan with Sodium Alginate-Based Matrix Tablets
4.5 Carbopol with Sodium Alginate-Based Matrix Tablets
5 Release Pattern from Alginate-Based Matrix Tablets
5.1 Release Pattern Affected with Different Viscosity Grades of Alginate
5.2 Release Pattern of Alginate in Different pH Media
5.3 Release Pattern of Sodium Alginate-Chitosan Matrix Tablets
5.4 Release Pattern Affected with Physiochemical Properties of Alginate
5.5 Release Pattern of Different Nature of Drug from Alginate Matrix
5.6 Release Pattern from Alginate-Containing Mixtures
6 Conclusion
References
Alginate Based Micro Particulate Systems for Drug Delivery
1 Introduction
1.1 Micro Particulate Systems
1.2 Biopolymeric Based MP Systems for Drug Delivery
2 Alginate
2.1 Source and Structure
2.2 ALG Properties
2.2.1 Molecular Weight, Solubility and Viscosity
2.2.2 Molecular Rigidity, Flexibility
2.2.3 Gel Formation
2.2.4 Mucoadhesion
2.2.5 Biocompatibility and Biodegradability
3 Methods for Fabricating AMP Systems
3.1 Coacervation
3.2 Air Suspension Method
3.3 Extrusion/Ionic Gelation Technique
3.4 Spray Drying
3.5 Emulsification/Gelation Technique
3.6 Novel Techniques
4 Characterization of AMP
5 Factors Affecting AMP Systems
5.1 ALG Concentration
5.2 Influence of Surfactant Concentration
5.3 CaCl2 Concentration
5.4 Stirring Speed
5.5 pH
5.6 Cross-Linking Time
5.7 Model Drug and Drug Content
6 Applications of AMP Systems for Drug Delivery
6.1 Cancer Targeting
6.2 Vaccine Delivery
6.3 Cell Delivery
6.4 Protein Delivery
6.5 Microbes, Vectors, and Bacteria Delivery
7 ALG Limitations in MP Systems for Drug Delivery
8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Alginate Based Nanocarriers for Controlled Drug Delivery Applications
1 Introduction
2 Source, Structure and Composition of Alginate
3 Physiochemical Characteristics
3.1 Solubility
3.2 Viscosity
3.3 Cross-Linking and Gel Formation
3.4 pH Sensitivity
3.5 Mucoadhesivity
3.6 Biocompatibility
4 Alginate Nanoparticles Preparation Methods
4.1 Spray Drying Technique
4.2 Emulsification/Gelation Technique
4.3 Emulsification-Solvent Displacement Technique
4.4 Polyelectrolyte Complexation Technique
4.5 Self-assembling Technique
5 Alginate Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery
5.1 Alginate Nanoparticles for Cancer Drug Delivery
5.2 Alginate Nanoparticles for Antibiotics Delivery
5.3 Alginate Nanoparticles for Protein Delivery
5.4 Alginate Nanoparticles for Vaccine Delivery
5.5 Alginate Nanoparticles for Other Drugs
6 Limitations for Use of Alginate Nanoparticles in Pharmaceutical Applications
7 Conclusions and Future Research Perceptive
References
Alginate Based Carriers for Topical Drug Delivery
1 Introduction
2 Alginate: Source, Isolation, Extraction and Purification
2.1 Extraction of Alginate
2.2 Novel Extraction Techniques of Alginates from Brown Seaweeds
2.3 Properties of Alginates
3 Alginate Role in Design of Topical Drug Delivery Systems
3.1 Alginate-Hydrogel
3.2 Alginate Film
3.3 Alginate Nanoparticles
3.4 Alginate Microparticles
3.5 Microneedles
3.6 Polyelectrolyte Complex
4 Alginate Role in Drug Delivery
4.1 Dermal Drug Delivery
4.2 Mucosal Drug Delivery
4.3 Vaginal Drug Delivery
4.4 Ocular Drug Delivery
5 Applications
5.1 Alginate Dressing in Wound Healing
5.2 Alginate Dressings for Healing Diabetic Foot Ulcers
5.3 Alginate in Burn Injury
5.4 Alginate in Dentistry and Treatment of Oral Disorders
6 Conclusion
References
Alginate Based Hydrogel in Drug Delivery and Biomedical Applications
1 Introduction
1.1 Extraction of Alginates
1.2 Chemical Compositions and Structures of Alginate
1.3 Physicochemical Properties of Alginates
1.4 Various Formulations of Alginates
1.4.1 Hydrogels
1.4.2 Microsphere
1.4.3 Fiber
2 Alginate Based Hydrogels
2.1 Physical Hydrogels
2.1.1 By Ionic Cross-linking
2.1.2 By Hydrogen Bonding
2.1.3 By Polyelectrolyte Complexation
2.1.4 By Hydrophobic Interaction
2.1.5 By Self Assembly
2.2 Chemical Hydrogels
2.2.1 Cross-linking by Aldehydes
2.2.2 Cross-linking by Condensation Reactions
2.2.3 Cross-linking by Polymerization
2.3 Alginate Hybrid Hydrogels
3 Alginate Based Hydrogels in Drug Delivery
3.1 Oral Drug Delivery
3.2 Protein Drug Delivery
3.3 Ocular Drug Delivery
3.4 Vaccine Delivery
3.5 Injectable Delivery
3.6 Wound Dressing
3.7 Cell Delivery and Implants
4 Alginate in Biomedical Applications
4.1 Wound Healing
4.2 Tissue Engineering (Repair and Regeneration)
4.3 Bone Regeneration and Cartilage Repair
5 Conclusion
References
Alginate Based Interpenetrating Polymer Network (IPN) in Drug Delivery and Biomedical Applications
1 Introduction to Interpenetrating Polymeric Networks (IPNs)
2 Design, Synthesis and Characterization of IPNs
3 Polymers Used for the Synthesis of IPNs
3.1 Natural Polymers
3.1.1 Chitosan (CS)
3.1.2 Alginates
3.1.3 Starch and Their Derivatives
3.1.4 Otherpolysaccharides Based Polymers
3.1.5 Protein Based IPNs
3.2 Synthetic Polymers for IPN Hydrogels
4 Alginate Based Hydrogels
5 Need of Modifications of Alginates
6 Role of IPNs in Drug Delivery
7 Biomedical Applications of Alginate Based IPNs
8 Conclusion and Future Prospective
References
Alginate Based Micelle in Biomedical Applications
1 Introduction
2 Alginate: Structure and Its Properties
2.1 Applications of Alginate in the Food Industry and Biological Field
3 Alginate Based Micelle
3.1 Alginate Micelle Formation by Grafting Hydrophobic Materials
3.2 Alginate Based Prodrug Micelle
4 Applications of Alginate Micelle in Drug Delivery
4.1 Stimuli-Responsive Alginate Micellar Drug Delivery System
4.1.1 Temperature Responsive Alginate micelle
4.1.2 pH-Sensitive Alginate Micelle
4.1.3 Multi-responsive Alginate Micelle for Drug Delivery
4.1.4 Receptor-Mediated Delivery by Alginate Micelle
5 Alginate Micelle for Imaging Applications
6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Alginate Based Polyelectrolyte Complexes for Drug Delivery and Biomedical Applications
1 Alginate
2 Polyelectrolyte Complexes (PECs)
3 Alginate Based PECs
3.1 Alginate-Cationic Polymer PECs
3.1.1 Alginate-Chitosan PECs
3.1.2 Alginate-Gelatin PECs
3.1.3 Alginate-Starch PECs
3.1.4 Alginate-Polylysine PECs
3.1.5 Other Alginate-Polymer PECs
3.2 Alginate-Metal Ion PECs
4 Factors Affecting Generation of PECs
5 Biomedical Applications of Alginate Based PECs
5.1 As a Wound Dressing Material
5.1.1 Hydrogels
5.1.2 Foams
5.1.3 Films
5.1.4 Nanofibers
5.2 As a Drug Delivery System
5.3 In Tissue Engineering
6 Concluding Remarks
References
Alginate-Based Inhalable Particles for Controlled Pulmonary Drug Delivery
1 The Brief History of Drug Delivery to the Lungs
1.1 Lung Structure and Function
1.2 Particle Deposition in the Lungs
1.3 Pulmonary Drug Delivery Systems
1.4 Scientific Motivations to Explore Polymers for Pulmonary Delivery
1.5 Alginates
2 Current Development of Alginate-Based Particles for Inhalation
3 Preparation Methods of Alginate-Modified Inhalable Particles
3.1 Spray Drying
3.2 Ionotropic Gelation
3.3 The Combined Technologies
4 In-Vitro Aerosolization Performance
4.1 Introduction of Cascade Impactors
4.2 In-Vitro Aerosolization Performance of Inhalable Alginate Particles
4.2.1 DPI Delivery System
4.2.2 Nebulizer Delivery System
5 The Dissolution Process
5.1 Theory of Dissolution
5.2 Motivations on In-Vitro Dissolution Testing of Inhaled Drugs
5.3 Factors to Influence Drug Dissolution in the Lungs
5.4 Technical Challenges Related to Dissolution Testing of Inhaled Drugs
5.4.1 Challenges Related to Human Lung Fluid
5.4.2 Challenges Related to Experimental Operations
5.5 The Current Situation for Drug Dissolution of Inhaled Alginate-Based Powders
5.5.1 The Dissolution Media
5.5.2 Apparatus for Drug Dissolution of Inhaled Products
5.5.2.1 Dialysis Membranes
5.5.2.2 Franz Cell Diffusion
5.5.2.3 USP Apparatus Type I
5.5.2.4 USP Apparatus Type II
5.5.2.5 Other Methods
6 Conclusion
References
Biomedical Applications of Alginate in the Delivery System for Natural Products
1 Introduction
2 Alginate-Based Delivery System of Natural Products
2.1 Hydrogels
2.2 Beads
2.3 Floating Drug Delivery System
2.4 Microspheres
2.5 Nanoparticles
2.6 Nanofibers
2.7 Micelles
2.8 Liposomes
3 Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applications of Alginates in the Natural Products
3.1 Oral Drug Delivery
3.2 Targeted Drug Delivery
3.2.1 Cancer-Targeted Drug Delivery
3.2.2 Colon-Targeted Drug Delivery
3.3 Would Healing
4 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
Alginate in Cancer Therapy
1 Introduction
2 Molecular Structure and Properties of Sodium-Alginate
2.1 Crosslinking
2.2 pH-Sensitiveness
2.3 Mucoadhesiveness
2.4 Biocompatibility
3 Targeting Strategies of Alginate-Based Nanomedicines for Cancer Therapy
4 Drug Delivery Systems of Alginate in Cancer Treatment
4.1 Beads of Hydrogel
4.2 Nanohydrogels
4.3 Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels
4.4 pH-Responsive Hydrogel
4.5 Thermoresponsive Hydrogel
4.6 Magnetic Hydrogels
4.7 Injectable Hydrogel
4.8 Microparticles
4.9 Alginate Nanoparticles
4.10 Alginate-Drug Conjugates
4.11 Alginate-Based Hybrid Nanogels
4.12 Alginate-Based Polyelectrolyte Complex
5 Theranostic Application of Alginate-Based Nanomedicine in Cancer
6 Limitations and Challenges of the Alginate-Based Drug Delivery System
7 Factor Influencing Physicochemical Properties of Alginate Nanomedicine
8 Alginate-Based 3D Cell Culture Techniques
9 Future Perspectives
10 Conclusion
References
Alginate Carriers in Wound Healing Applications
1 Introduction
2 Alginate Properties in Wound Healing
3 Alginate Action in Wound Dressing
4 Alginate as Bioactive Agent Carrier
4.1 Antimicrobials
4.1.1 Silver
4.1.2 Zinc
4.1.3 Antibiotics
4.2 Growth Factors
5 Fabrication of Alginate Carrier Dressing
5.1 Production
5.1.1 Wet Spinning Method
5.1.2 Microfluidic Methods
5.1.3 Electrospinning Method
5.2 Characterizations
5.2.1 Swelling Process: Absorption Capacity
5.2.2 Water Vapor Transmission Rate (WVTR)
5.2.3 Drug Release
5.2.4 Biological Evaluation
5.2.4.1 Antibacterial Activity
5.2.4.2 In Vitro Cytotoxicity
5.2.4.3 In Vivo Wound Healing
5.2.4.4 Hemocompatibility Assay
6 Conclusions
References
Alginate as Support Material in Enzyme Immobilization
1 Alginate
2 Structure and Properties of Alginate
2.1 Physical Characteristics
2.1.1 Solubility
2.1.2 Reactivity
2.1.3 Determination of Specifications
2.2 Chemical Properties
3 Mechanism of Alginate Biosynthesis
4 Mechanism of Alginate Decomposition
5 Purification of Alginate
6 Alginate Modification
6.1 Oxidation
6.2 Acetylation
6.3 Phosphorylation
6.4 Sulfation
6.5 Amidation
7 Alginate Nanoparticles
7.1 Alginate-Based Hydrogel Nanoparticles
7.2 Alginate Magnetic Nanoparticles
7.3 Application of Alginate Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery
8 Enzyme Immobilization on Alginate Supports
8.1 Common Methods of Enzyme Immobilization on Alginate
8.1.1 Entrapment
8.2 Covalent Bond
8.2.1 Cross-Linking
9 Drug Immobilization on Alginate Support and Drug Release
10 Future Perspective
References
Alginate in Gene and Vaccine Delivery
1 Introduction
2 Chemical Structure and Properties of Alginate
3 Gene Delivery Using Alginate for Tissues Engineering
4 Alginate-Based Gene Delivery for Bone Generation
5 Gene Delivery for Cartilage Repair
6 Cancer Treatment
7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Alginate for Gene Delivery
8 Vaccine Delivery Using Alginate-Based Materials
9 Conclusions
References
Alginate Based Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
1 Introduction
2 Details of Alginate
2.1 Structure and Properties
2.2 Synthesis and Characterization
2.3 Molecular Weight and Solubility of Alginate
2.3.1 Molecular Weight
2.3.2 Solubility of Alginate
2.4 Biocompatibility and Biodegradability of Alginate
2.4.1 Biocompatibility of Alginate
2.4.2 Biodegradability of Alginate
2.5 Derivatives and Derivatization
2.5.1 Amphiphilic Alginate
2.5.2 Cell-Interactive Alginate
2.6 Alginate as Cross-Linker
3 Biomedical Application
3.1 Alginate for Regenerative Medicine
3.2 Alginate in Tissue Engineering (TE)
3.2.1 Alginate in Bone Tissue Engineering
3.2.2 Alginate in Cartilage Tissue Engineering
3.2.3 Alginate in Skin Tissue Engineering
3.2.4 Alginate in Liver Tissue Engineering
3.2.5 Alginate in Cardiac Tissue Engineering
3.2.6 Alginate in Muscle Tissue Engineering
3.2.7 Alginate in Nerve Tissue Engineering
4 Conclusion
References