Algal Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals: Benefits, Opportunities, and Challenges

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Title
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End User License Agreement
Contents
Foreword
Preface
Summary
List of Contributors
Cultivation of Edible Algae: Present and Future
Danilo B. Largo1,*
INTRODUCTION
COLOR MATTERS
ALGAE AS FUNCTIONAL FOODS
SPECIES OF EDIBLE ALGAE AND THEIR CULTIVATION
Microalgae
Spirulina
Dunaliella
Chlorella
Future Prospects for Microalgae
Macroalgae (Seaweeds)
Pyropia (formerly Porphyra) spp.
Saccharina spp.
Undaria pinnatifida
Sargassum spp.
Cladosiphon Okamuranus
Eucheuma Denticulatum, Kappaphycus Alvarezii and K. striatum
Caulerpa spp.
Monostroma (M. nitidum and M. latissimum) and Ulva spp.
Gracilaria spp. and Gelidium spp.
Capsosiphon Fulvescens
Codium spp.
GLOBAL PROSPECT OF ALGAL UTILIZATION IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY
THE VALUE OF ALGAE AS FUNCTIONAL FOOD
SUSTAINABLE SEAWEED INDUSTRY THROUGH INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION FOR NEW STRAINS OF EDIBLE SEAWEEDS
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Cultivation Techniques to Induce High-Value Nutraceuticals in Microalgae
Xuan Ji1, Luke Webster1, Taylor J. Wass1 and Peer M. Schenk1,*
INTRODUCTION
MICROALGAE AND THEIR METABOLITES
MICROALGAE CULTIVATION TECHNIQUES
Photobioreactor Systems
Closed PBR Systems
Horizontal Tube PBRs
Flat Panel PBRs
Stirred Tank PBRs
Open-Pond Cultivation Systems
Attached Microalgae Cultivation
Light
Flashing Light
Dark Treatment
Temperature
Cold Treatment
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Environment Impact on Algal Food Quality
K. Vasumathi1,*, K. Sundar1 and M. Premalatha2
INTRODUCTION
BIOAVAILABILITY OF NUTRITIVE PRODUCTS
PROTEINS
LIPIDS
POLYSACCHARIDES
VITAMINS
FOOD SAFETY
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
SPIRULINA
DUNALIELLA SALINA
CHLORELLA
OTHER ALGAE
CULTIVATION CONDITIONS
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Habitat and Resources of Edible Seaweeds
Monica G. Kavale1,2,* and Tejal K. Gajaria1,2
INTRODUCTION
HABITAT DIVERSITY
Estuaries
Mudflats
Seagrass Meadows
Lagoons
HABITAT PREFERENCES OF EDIBLE SEAWEEDS
Green Seaweeds
Brown Seaweeds
Red Seaweeds
BIOGEOGRAPHY OF EDIBLE SEAWEEDS
METHODS OF CULTIVATION EMPLOYED FOR EDIBLE SEAWEEDS ACROSS THE WORLD
Farming through Vegetative Propagation
Spore/Zygote Derived Seedlings
Cultivation of Ulva, Monostroma and Codium
Cultivation of Laminaria/Saccharina, Undaria, and Ecklonia
Sargassum Cultivation
Porphyra/Pyropia/Phycocalidia Cultivation
Land-Based Cultivation
FORM OF CONSUMPTION AND OTHER CONSUMABLE PRODUCTS
Green Seaweeds
Brown Seaweeds
Methods of Processing of Undaria
Red Seaweeds
FUTURE PROSPECTS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Algal-Based Nutraceuticals: Application and Potential
Jayani Samarathunga1, Isuru Wijesekara1,* and Madhura Jayasinghe1
INTRODUCTION
What are Nutraceuticals?
Importance of Nutraceuticals in Human Health
ALGAL BASED NUTRACEUTICALS
Seaweed Polysaccharides as Nutraceuticals
Applications
Algal Proteins as Nutraceuticals
Applications
Algal Lipids as Nutraceuticals
Applications
Vitamins and Minerals of Algae as Nutraceuticals
Algal Pigments as a Potential Source of Nutraceuticals
ALGAL NUTRACEUTICALS IN THE GLOBAL MARKET
POTENTIAL OF ALGAL NUTRACEUTICALS AS A SAFE FOOD
CURRENT POTENTIAL FOR USING ALGAL-BASED NUTRACEUTICALS.
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Algal Based Nutraceuticals: Trends and Prospects
Antony V. Samrot1,*, R. Emilin Renitta2 and S. Saigeetha3
INTRODUCTION
NUTRACEUTICALS FROM ALGAL SOURCE
MICROALGAL NUTRACEUTICALS
Polysaccharides
Proteins
Pigments
Lipids
Sterols
Vitamins
MACROALGAL NUTRACEUTICALS
Polysaccharides
Proteins
Pigments
Lipids
Sterols
EXTRACTION OF ALGAL NUTRACEUTICALS
TRENDS
NUTRACEUTICALS FROM MARINE ALGAE- HEALTH BENEFITS
FUTURE PROSPECTS
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Extraction of Microalgal Bioactive Compounds Towards Functional Ingredients: A Biorefinery Approach with Prospects And Challenges
Joana Assunção1,2, Helena M. Amaro1, F. Xavier Malcata2,3,4 and A. Catarina Guedes1,*
INTRODUCTION
ALGAL-DERIVED BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AS FUNCTIONAL INGREDIENTS
ALGAL-BASED PROCESS AND BIOREFINERY – SOME CONSIDERATIONS
BIOMASS DISRUPTION AND ASSISTED EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES OF ALGAL-BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS
Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE)
Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE)
Pulse-Electric Field (PEF)
Supercritical-Fluid Extraction (SFE)
Subcritical-Water Extraction (SWE)
Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE)
Enzymatic-Assisted Extraction (EAE)
FUTURE PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES
Bioactive Compound Fractionation Process Strategy – GRAS Solvents and Re-use of Biomass
Biorefinery Safety Issues and Economic Considerations
CONCLUDING REMARKS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Bioactive Compounds from Algae: Potential Applications
K.R. Jayappriyan1,*, C. Kurinjimalar1, M. Kaviraj1, M. Vijayakumar1, R. Rajkumar2 and Rathinam Raja3
INTRODUCTION
ALGAL COMPOUNDS
Lipid-Based Compounds
Fatty Acids (EPA and DHA)
Sterols
Pigment Based Compounds
Phycocyanin
Phycoerythrin
Carotenoids
Astaxanthin
Fucoxanthin
Canthaxanthin
Carbohydrates Based Compounds
Fucans
Fucoidan
Laminarin Sulfate
Alginate
Rhamnan Sulfate
Ulvan
Agar
Carrageenan
Porphyran
Mycosporine Like Amino Acids (MAAs)
Other Secondary Metabolites
Phenolics
Lectins
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Bioactive Compounds from Edible Seaweeds and their Applications
Anuruddhika Udayangani Rathnayake1,2, Hee-Guk Byun1 and Indira Wickramasinghe3,*
INTRODUCTION
BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS PRESENT IN EDIBLE SEAWEEDS
Bioactive Compounds in Macroalgae
Carrageenans and Agarans
Agar
Alginate
Laminarin
Ulvan
Fucoidan
Bioactive Compounds in Microalgae
CONCLUDING REMARKS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Microalgae as a Sustainable Source of Vegan Protein and Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Luke J. Webster1, Xuan Ji1 and Peer M. Schenk1,*
INTRODUCTION
VEGAN PROTEIN
Sustainability of Vegan Protein from Microalgae
OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS
Sustainability of Omega-3-Rich Oil from Microalgae
CO-PRODUCTION OF VEGAN PROTEIN AND OMEGA-3 PUFAS
CONCLUDING REMARKS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Micro-Algae as a Source of Food and Bioactive Compounds for Human Health
Sonal Mishra1, Neha Kumari1 and Rajeshwar P. Sinha1,*
INTRODUCTION
BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS DERIVED FROM MICRO-ALGAE
Polysaccharides
Phycocolloids
Carrageenan
Agar
Alginate
Lectins
PIGMENTS AND VITAMINS
Phycobiliproteins
Astaxanthin
Canthaxanthin
β -Carotene
Lutein
MICROALGAL FATTY ACIDS
OTHER BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS
UV-SCREENING COMPOUNDS
Sporopollenin
Scytonemin
Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids
MICRO-ALGAE IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY
APPLICATIONS OF MICRO-ALGAE IN HUMAN HEALTH
Antimicrobial Compounds from Micro-Algae
Micro-Algal Antioxidants
Antitumor Compounds from Micro-Algae
Anti-inflammatory Activity and Antiplatelet Activity
Micro-algal Compounds Against Degenerative Diseases
OTHER APPLICATIONS OF MICRO-ALGAE
Micro-Algae in Biofuels
Micro-Algae as a Feedstock for Bioethanol Production
Micro-Algal Bioactive Compounds in Cosmetic Industry
Moisturizers
Skin Whitening and Hair Care
Anti-Aging
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Dietary Component and Composition of Algal Functional Food
Soraya Paz1,*, Carmen Rubio1, Ángel J. Gutiérrez1, Dailos González-Weller1,2 and Arturo Hardisson1
INTRODUCTION
PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF ALGAE IN EUROPE
ALGAE AND ITS NUTRIENTS
Dietary Fiber
Protein Content
Essential Elements
ALGAE AS A FUNCTIONAL FOOD
Carotenoids
Fucoxanthin
β-carotene
Polyphenols
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Metabolomics of Different Seaweeds in Functional Food Prospects
Ninian P.P. Pabbathi1, Aditya Velidandi1, Prashakha J. Shukla2, Neelam M. Nathani3,* and Chandrashekar Mootapally3,*
INTRODUCTION
WORKFLOW OF METABOLOMICS
Sample Collection
Sample Preparation
Techniques Used for Metabolomics Analysis
Mass Spectroscopy
NMR
SEAWEED CLASSIFICATION
SEAWEED CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Polysaccharides
Brown Seaweed Polysaccharides
Fucoidan
Red Algae Polysaccharides
Galactans
Xylan
Green Algae Polysaccharides
Ulvan
Proteins
Lipids
Dietary Fibre
Vitamins and Minerals
Polyphenols
BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN ALGAE
BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS
Antibacterial Activity
Antioxidant Activity
Anti-viral Activity
Anti-inflammatory Activity
Anticoagulant Activity
Anticancer Activity
Neuro-protective Activity
Type-II Diabetes
Cardiovascular Diseases
Obesity
Contraceptive Activity Applications
CONCLUDING REMARKS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Probiotics and Algal Functional Food
Mona M. Ismail1,*
INTRODUCTION
SEAWEEDS
PREBIOTIC PROPERTIES OF THE ALGAL COMPOUNDS
Polysaccharides
Fibers
Lipid
Protein
Phenolic Compounds
Pigments
CONCLUDING REMARKS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Seaweeds Metabolites: Characterization and Applications as Phyco-Nutraceuticals
Surabhi Agrawal1,2, Darshita K. Pandya1, Shahrukh A. Siddiqui1,2 and Mangal S. Rathore1,2,*
INTRODUCTION
SEAWEEDS AS A SOURCE OF METABOLITES
Primary Metabolites
Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides
Dietary Fibers
Proteins
Pigments
Lipids and Fatty Acids
Secondary Metabolites
Mineral Content of Seaweeds
Proximate Analysis
Moisture Content Analysis
Ash Content
Crude Protein and Total Amino Acid Analysis
Crude Lipid Content Analysis
Crude Fibre Content Analysis
Carbohydrate Content
Determination of Total Phenolic Content
IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF METABOLITES
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS) Based Metabolite Profiling
Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) Based Metabolite Profiling
Capillary Electrophoresis Mass Spectrometry (CEMS) Based Metabolic Profiling
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) Based Metabolic Profiling
MALDI-TOF-MS
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
APPLICATIONS OF SEAWEED METABOLITES
Macroalgal Metabolites as Nutraceutical
Metabolites with Anti-Cancer Activities
Metabolites with Anti-Oxidant Activities
Application of Metabolites as Nutricosmetic
Metabolites Showing Activities Against Various Lifestyle Disorders
FUTURE PERSPECTIVE
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Role of Algal Metabolites and Pigments: Characterization and Application
G. Kavitha Aravind1 and D. Inbakandan2,*
INTRODUCTION
MICROALGAL METABOLITES
BIOFUELS
POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
ASTAXANTHIN
BETA CAROTENE
CARBON SEQUESTRATION
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Seaweed in Food Industries: Raw Materials, Processing, Formulations, Packaging
Marlene A. Trindade1, Cláudia Nunes2,3, Manuel A. Coimbra3, Fernando J.M. Gonçalves1,4, João C. Marques5 and Ana M.M. Gonçalves1,4,5,*
INTRODUCTION
MACROALGAE AS A SOURCE OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AND RAW MATERIALS FOR THE FOOD INDUSTRY
Macroalgae Hydrocolloids in Food Industry
SEAWEED-BASED FOOD PACKAGING
Formulation and Processing
Commercially Available Options
CONSUMERS’ ACCEPTANCE
CONCLUDING REMARKS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
Edible Seaweed-Based Biodegradable Films and Coatings for Food and Nutraceutical Applications
M.M. Jayakody1, K.G. Kaushani1 and M.P.G. Vanniarachchy1,*
INTRODUCTION
EDIBLE SEAWEEDS VARIETIES FOR FORMING FILMS AND COATINGS
FORMULATION OF SEAWEED-BASED BIODEGRADABLE FILMS AND COATINGS
ALGINATE-BASED FILMS AND COATINGS
Fresh-Cut Fruits and Vegetables
Meats, Poultry, and Seafood
Cheese
Other
AGAR-BASED FILMS AND COATINGS
Fish
Fruits and Vegetables
Cheese
CARRAGEENAN-BASED FILMS AND COATINGS
Fruits
Dairy Products
Other
ADVANTAGES OF USING SEAWEED-BASED COATINGS AND FILMS
CONCLUDING REMARKS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Current Applications of Seaweed-Based Polysaccharides in Edible Packaging
Sandunika Senarathna1, Indira Wickramasinghe1,* and Seneviratne Navaratne1
INTRODUCTION
CURRENT APPLICATIONS OF RED ALGAE-BASED POLYSACCHARIDES IN EDIBLE PACKAGING
Carrageenan
Agar
CURRENT APPLICATIONS OF BROWN ALGAE-BASED POLYSACCHARIDES IN EDIBLE PACKAGING
Alginates
Laminaran
Fucoidan
CURRENT APPLICATIONS OF GREEN ALGAE-BASED POLYSACCHARIDES IN EDIBLE PACKAGING
Ulvan
CONCLUDING REMARKS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Toxicity of Algal Foods With Respect to Human Health
Soraya Paz1,*, Carmen Rubio1, Ángel J. Gutiérrez1, Dailos González-Weller1,2 and Arturo Hardisson1
INTRODUCTION
THE BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ALGAE
Algae Classification
ALGAL FOOD AND TOXIC ELEMENTS
Iodine (I)
Aluminium (Al)
Cadmium (Cd)
Lead (Pb)
Mercury (Hg)
Arsenic (As)
GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR ALGAL FOODS CONSUMERS
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Subject Index
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