Algae Biotechnology: Integrated Algal Engineering for Bioenergy, Bioremediation, and Biomedical Applications covers key applications of algae for bioenergy and how to integrate the production of biofuels with environmental, nutraceutical and biomedical processes and products. The book emphasizes cost-effective biofuels production through integrated biorefinery, combining continuous processes and various algae as feedstock to produce biofuel, bioenergy and various high value biochemicals. Novel algal culturing technologies and bioprocess engineering techniques are provided for the optimization of operational approaches for commercial-scale production, as well as to reduce the overall costs. New and existing molecular methods for genetic and metabolic engineering of algae are also presented.
Furthermore, methods for the optimization of existing biochemical pathways are explained, and new pathways are introduced, in order to maximize the potential for biofuels production and related nutraceutical and biomedical co-products. This book provides an ideal roadmap for bioenergy researchers and engineers who want to incorporate valuable nutraceutical and biomedical products and environmental practices into the production of biofuels.
Author(s): Ashfaq Ahmad, Fawzi Banat, Hanifa Taher
Publisher: Elsevier
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 446
City: Amsterdam
Algal Biotechnology
Copyright
Contributors
Algal engineering for bioremediation, bioenergy production, and biomedical applications
Introduction
Industrial wastewater treatment
Removal of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP)
Heavy metal (HM) removal by algae
Algae for CO2 sequestration
Bioenergy from algae
Biodiesel production
Bioethanol production
Biogas production
Biomedical applications
Antioxidant activity
Anticancer, antiangiogenic, and cytotoxic activities
Antiobesity activity
Antimicrobial activities
Conclusion and future outlook
References
Microalgae biotechnology for bioremediation applications
Introduction
Microalgae
Bioremediation using microalgae
Industrial wastewater
Antibiotic and hormone
Heavy metal
Pesticide
Integrated CO2 biosequestration bioremediation and biorefinery
Conclusions and future prospective
References
Bioremediation of wastewater using algae for potential renewable bioenergy cogeneration
Introduction
Algae classification
Chemical composition of algae
Bioremediation of wastewater using algae
Bioenergy cogeneration using algal biomass
Biogas
Biodiesel
Bioelectricity
Algal practicality and limitations
Conclusions and future outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Microalgae for bioremediation of pesticides: Overview, challenges, and future trends
Introduction
Contamination by pesticides
Environmental fate of pesticides
Bioremediation of pesticides by microalgae
Bioadsorption
Bioaccumulation
Biodegradation
Photodegradation and volatilization
Main factors involved in the bioremediation of pesticides by microalgae
Techniques used to increase pesticide removal from water
Consortia between microorganisms
Immobilized microalgae cultivation
Challenges and future trends
Conclusions and future outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Algae harvesting: Application of natural coagulants
Introduction
Coagulation/flocculation mechanisms
Organic coagulants
Tannin
Chitosan
Cationic starch
Plant-based coagulants
Microbial flocculants
Harvested biomass
Biomolecules
Fertilizers
Energy
Conclusions and future perspective
Acknowledgments
References
Microalgae cultivation in wastewater from agro-industries: An approach integrated for bioremediation and bio
Introduction
Wastewater and nutrient's recovery
Palm oil mill effluent
Instant coffee industry wastewater
Cassava processing wastewater
Sugar cane wastewater: Vinasse
Dairy industry wastewater
Swine farming wastewater
Potential microalgae to grow in effluents
Microalgae biomass from wastewater
Application of microalgal biomass in the agricultural activities
Challenges in reducing wastewater treatment costs
Conclusions and future outlook
References
Microalgae-based systems applied to the dual purpose of waste bioremediation and bioenergy production
Introduction
Sources of waste
Technologies for waste treatment
Conventional technologies
Emerging technologies
Bioremediation potential of microalgae
Bioenergy technologies and applications
Thermochemical conversion
Torrefaction and carbonization
Pyrolysis
Hydrothermal processes
Gasification
Direct combustion
Biochemical conversion
Biophotolysis
Fermentation
Anaerobic digestion
Transesterification
Microbial fuel cells
Volatile organic compounds
Future perspectives and conclusion
References
Direct utilization of lipid and starch from wet microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris)
Introduction
Utilization of lipid
Dried microalgae as a feedstock
Wet microalgae as feedstock
Utilization of carbohydrate
Saccharification and fermentation
Comprehensive utilization of lipid and starch
Experimental design of biodiesel production followed by enzymatic saccharification of starch
Pretreatment of wet microalgae
Disruption of cell wall using RF heating
Disruption of cell wall using enzyme CTec2
Direct biodiesel production from wet microalgae
Fermentable sugar production from residual of wet microalgae
Mass balance, energy balance and brief techno-economics
Conclusions and future perspectives
References
Algae: An emerging feedstock for biofuels production
Introduction
Types of algal biomass for biofuel production
Microalgae
Macroalgae
Algal cultivation and biomass production
Biomass harvesting and dewatering
Lipid extraction and biofuel production
Lipid extraction and purification from algal biomass
Solvent extraction
Soxhlet extraction
Hydrothermal liquefaction
Wet lipid extraction
Acid hydrolysis
Ionic liquids
Technologies for algal biomass conversion
Transesterification of algae oil to biodiesel
Techno-economic analysis of algal biofuel production
Prospects and challenges
Conclusions and future outlook
References
Microalgal biofuels: A sustainable pathway for renewable energy
Introduction
Biofuels
The generations of biofuels
General perspective of microalgae
Microalgae as a source of biofuels
Composition of microalgae
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Basic requirements for microalgae production
Light
Temperature
Water
Carbon
Nutrients
Mixing
pH and salinity
Estimated production cost
Technologies for microalgae cultivation
Open microalgae cultivation system
Closed microalgae cultivation system
Hybrid microalgae cultivation system
Harvesting methods for microalgae
Conversion technologies of biomass into biofuels
Thermochemical conversion
Gasification
Pyrolysis
Liquefaction
Biochemical conversion
Anaerobic digestion
Fermentation
Photobiological hydrogen production
Chemical conversion
Transesterification
Direct combustion
Potential bioenergy products of microalgae
Biodiesel
Bioethanol
Biogas
Biohydrogen
Biosyngas
Bio-oil
Hydrocarbons
Advantages of algal biofuels
Environment and sustainable perspective
Challenges of algal biofuels and future outlook
Conclusions
References
Thermal treatment kinetics of microalgae for energy production
Introduction
Chemical composition of microalgae
Thermo-chemical conversion
Pyrolysis
Copyrolysis
Catalytic pyrolysis
Gasification
Basic formulas and models of kinetics
Basic kinetic formulas
Isoconversional method
Integral method
Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method
Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose method
Differential method
Kissinger method
Friedman method
Compensation effect and master plots
Compensation effect
Master plots
Model-fitting method
Single reaction model
Independent parallel reaction models
DAEM
nth DAEM
Miura-Maki DAEM
Avrami-Erofeev DAEM
Conclusion and future outlook
Acknowledgment
References
Microalgae: The challenges from harvest to the thermal gasification
Introduction
Microalgae thermochemical characteristics
Wastewater microalgae harvesting
Wastewater microalgae characterization
Gasification of microalgae from WWTP
Gasification evaluation index
Syngas characteristics
Gasification challenges
Conclusions and future outlook
References
Harnessing the potential of microalgal species Dunaliella: A biofuel and biocommodities perspective
Introduction
Selection of elite strain and improvement
Selection based on bioactives
Selection based on biofuel
Prerequisite: Optimal growth conditions
Salinity and light
Temperature
pH
Media composition
Downstream process
Metabolites production and their applications
Feed application
Cosmetic application
Pharmaceutical applications
Biofuel
Challenges and integrated biorefinery approach
Conclusion and future scope
References
Algae cultivation for biomedical applications: Current scenario and future direction
Introduction
Considerations for choosing an algal strain
Physicochemical conditions in algae growth
Culture medium
Light
pH
Aeration/mixing
Temperature
Salinity
Carbon dioxide
Sterilization
Culturing of algae
Open ponds
Circular ponds
Raceway ponds
Photobioreactors
Algae harvesting
Centrifugation
Flocculation
Filtration
Floatation
Extraction and purification of high-value based metabolites
Biomedical applications of algal extracts: An integrated approach
Auspiciousness of polysaccharides
Retaining antiviral and antibacterial assets
Drug delivery
Sanative competency of algal extracts: Lipids and pigments
Clinical relevance of algae fatty acids
Valuable virtue: Algal pigments
Unraveling the polyphenolic content
Budding potential of algae in cosmeceuticals
Revealing the antiaging secret
Algal wonders in skin whitening and moisturizing
Future direction and challenges
Conclusion and future outlook
Acknowledgment
References
Biochemical profiling, transcriptomic analysis, and biotechnological potential of native microalgae from the ...
Introduction
Sampling, isolation, purification, and culture of native microalgae cells
Morphological and molecular identification
Biochemical profiling
Proximate composition analysis
Fatty acid analysis
Amino acid analysis
Antioxidant activity and total phenols content analysis
Chlorophylls a and b content analysis
De novo transcriptomic analysis
Biotechnological potential
Conclusions and future outlook
Acknowledgment
References
Algae in medicine and human health
Introduction
Bioprocess of seaweed polysaccharides
Conclusions and future outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Microalgae biotechnology: Emerging biomedical applications
Introduction
Nutrition
Immune system against disease
Improving human health condition
Commercial production and importance of microalgae in diet
Carotenoids as beneficial health metabolites from microalgae
Antioxidants for human health
Removal of excessive heavy metal and toxic
Research findings from great microalgae studies
Microalgae chlorella
Microalgae D. salina
Microalgae spirulina
How algae can help solve some of the world's most severe health problems
Conclusions and future outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Potential applications of the low-molecular-weight metabolome of Synechocystis aquatilis Sauvageau, 1
Introduction
Material and methods
Investigated species and its cultivation
Metabolites identification
Component composition of low-molecular-weight metabolome of S. aquatilis Sauvageau, 1892
Prospects for the use of metabolites of S. aquatilis
Conclusion and future outlook
1IntroductionThe diversity of cyanobacteria, a heterogeneous group of prokaryotic, principally photosynthetic organisms, is ex
References
Microalgae potentials as bioactive phytochemicals for human's health: Novel highlights on their production, a ...
Introduction
General applications of microalgae in biotechnology field
Microalgae and bioremediation
Microalgae and biodiesel
New technologies used microalgae
Microalgae healthy macromolecules and phytochemicals
Microalgae as source of bioactive and novel macro- and micro-molecules
Microalgae as a novel polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) source
Microalgae as a novel protein source and its risk factors
Methods for identification of microalgae macromolecules
Chemical free nondestructive methods
Spectroscopic methods for microalgae physicochemical structure
Raman micro-spectroscopy of single-cell microalgae
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering technique
Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy of microalgae
Recent innovations of using gold nanosensors in microalgae single cell phytochemical studies
Acoustic-based sensors and biosensors
Chemical dependent destructive methods
Mass spectrometry methods
Chromatographic approaches
Conclusion and future remarks
Authors contributions
References
Microalgae carotenoids: An overview of biomedical applications
Introduction
Microalgae-based carotenoids production
Chemical structure and relationship of structure-biological activity
Biomedical application
Protection against oxidative stress
Supply of vitamin A
Eye disorders and diseases
Obesity and comorbidities
Cancer and neuroprotection
Challenges and future research
Conclusions
References
Diatomite-based nanoparticles: Fabrication strategies for medical applications
Introduction
Fabrication and surface modifications of DNPs
Biocompatibility and uptake of DNPs in vitro and in vivo systems
Drug loading and release from DNPs
Conclusions and future trends
Acknowledgment
References
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