Algae

Cover
Half Title
About the Author
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 What are Algae and Phycology?
1.2 A Brief History
1.3 Definitions
1.4 General Characters of Algae
1.5 Similarities and Diversities
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Chapter 2: History and Development of Algae
2.1 Phases of Phycology
2.2 The First Phase (before 1800 A.D.)
2.3 The Second Phase (from 1800 to 1880)
2.4 The Third Phase (from 1881 to 1950)
2.5 The Fourth (Modern) Phase (from till date)
2.6 Some Phycologists of Modern Phase
2.7 Some International Phycological Societies and Journals
2.8 Scope of Modern Phycology
2.9 A Note on the Development of Algal Study in India
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Chapter 3: Classification of the Algae
3.1 What is Classification?
3.2 Algal Nomenclature
3.3 Basis of Algal Classification
3.4 Schools of Thought for Algal Classification
3.5 Systems of Algal Classification: Always in Changing State
3.6 Classification before 1800
3.7 Classification Proposed by W.H. Harvey (1836)
3.8 Classification Proposed by A.W. Eichler (1886)
3.9 Classification Proposed by A. Pascher (1914, 1931)
3.10 Classification Proposed by G.M. Smith (1955)
3.11 Classification Proposed by F.E. Fritsch (1935, 1945)
3.12 Classification Proposed by G.F. Papenfuss (1946)
3.13 Classification Proposed by V.J. Chapman (1962)
3.14 Classification Proposed by G.W. Prescott (1969)
3.15 Classification Proposed by F.E. Round (1973)
3.16 Classification Proposed by H.C. Bold and M.J. Wynne (1978)
3.17 Classification Proposed by S.P. Parker (1982)
3.18 Principal Characteristics of Major Algal Classes
3.19 Characteristics of Some Other Recently Recognised Algal Classes
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Chapter 4: Algal Occurrence
4.1 Aquatic Algae
4.2 Terrestrial Algae
4.3 Lithophytic Algae
4.4 Halophytic Algae or Euryhaline
4.5 Episammic Algae or Psammon
4.6 Epipelic Algae
4.7 Thermal Algae
4.8 Cryophytic Algae
4.9 Epiphytic Algae
4.10 Endophytic Algae
4.11 Epizoic and Endozoic Algae
4.12 Parasitic Algae
4.13 Planktons
4.14 Calcifilic Algae
4.15 Algae In Lichens
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Chapter 5: Cytology of Algae
5.1 Prokaryotic Cell
5.2 Eukaryotic Cell
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Chapter 6: Range of Thallus Structure
6.1 The Range of Morphology
6.2 Unicellular Motile Forms
6.3 Unicellular Non-motile Forms
6.4 Multicellular Flagellated Forms or “Colonial Forms”
6.5 Multicellular Non-fl agellated Forms or Non-fl agellated Colonies
6.6 Palmelloid Forms
6.7 Dendroid Forms
6.8 Filamentous Forms
6.9 Heterotrichous Forms
6.10 Siphonous Forms
6.11 Uniaxial Forms
6.12 Multiaxial Forms
6.13 Parenchymatous Forms
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Chapter 7: Reproduction in Algae
7.1 Vegetative Reproduction
7.2 Asexual Reproduction
7.3 Sexual Reproduction
7.4 Distribution of Compatible Sexual Potentialities in Algae
7.5 A Note on Gene Transfer in Cyanophyceae
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Chapter 8: Origin and Evolution of Sex in Algae
8.1 Sex, Sexual and Asexual Units, and Reproductions
8.2 Origin of Sex
8.3 Evolution of Sex
8.4 Development of Sexuality in Algae
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Chapter 9: Life-cycles in Algae
9.1 Life-cycle and Its Types in Algae
9.2 Haplontic Life-cycle
9.3 Diplontic Life-cycle
9.4 Diplohaplontic Life-cycle
9.5 Haplobiontic or Diphasic Life-cycle
9.6 Haplodiplobiontic or Triphasic Life-cycle
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Chapter 10: Physiology: Inorganic Nutrients, Vitamins and Pheromones in Algae
10.1 Inorganic Nutrients Required by Algae
10.2 Carbon
10.3 Nitrogen
10.4 Phosphorus
10.5 Calcium
10.6 Magnesium
10.7 Silicon
10.8 Potassium
10.9 Sodium
10.10 Sulphur
10.11 Iron
10.12 Manganese
10.13 Trace Elements
10.14 Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
10.15 Vitamin B1 (Thiamin)
10.16 Biotin
10.17 Pheromones in Algae
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Chapter 11: Physiology: Nitrogen Fixation in Algae
11.1 What is Nitrogen Fixation?
11.2 Which Organisms can Carry out Nitrogen Fixation?
11.3 What Does Nitrogen Fixation Require?
11.4 Nitrogen-fixing Cyanophytes
11.5 Properties and Activity of Nitrogenase
11.6 Some Major Steps in Pathway of Nitrogen Fixation
11.7 Nitrogen Storage in Blue-greens
11.8 Factors Affecting Nitrogenase Activity
11.9 Role of Nitrogen-fixing Blue-greens in Rice Fields
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Chapter 12: Physiology: Movements and Rhythm in Algae
12.1 Movements and Rhythm: What are They?
12.2 Types of Movements in Algae
12.3 What Causes Movements in Algae?
12.4 Phototaxis
12.5 Movements in Diatoms
12.6 Movements in Blue-green Algae
12.7 Photokinesis in Algae
12.8 Phototropism in Algae
12.9 Rhythms in Algae
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Chapter 13: Cyanophages
13.1 What are Cyanophages?
13.2 Saffermann and Morris’s Terminology of Cyanophages
13.3 Commonly Attacked Genera of Cyanophyceae
13.4 Structure of Cyanophage
13.5 Infection and Replication of Cyanophages
13.6 Results of the Attack of Cyanophage
13.7 Physico-chemical Properties of Cyanophage
13.8 How to Isolate Cyanophages?
13.9 Uses of Cyanophages
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Chapter 14: Ecology of Algae
14.1 Habitats
14.2 Communities
14.3 Succession
14.4 Primary Production
14.5 Phytoplankton
14.6 Marine Epilithic Algae
14.7 Marine and Freshwater Algae of Sediments and Sands
14.8 Soil Algae
14.9 Algal Ecology at Extreme Temperatures
14.10 Ecology of Algae in Symbiotic Associations
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Chapter 15: Water Blooms and Red Tides
15.1 What is a Water Bloom?
15.2 Which Algae Form Water Blooms?
15.3 Algae Forming Water Blooms in India
15.4 Algae Forming Water Blooms Around the World
15.5 Red Tides
15.6 Why are Blooms Formed?
15.7 Utility of Blooms
15.8 Disadvantages of Blooms
15.9 How can Blooms be Controlled?
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Chapter 16: Algae in Water Supplies and as Indicators of Water Pollution
16.1 Importance and Sources of Water
16.2 Causes of Varied Algal Growth in Different Water Bodies
16.3 Common Algae Found in Water Supplies
16.4 Major Problems Due to Algal Growth in Water
16.5 Algae as Indicators of Water Pollution
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Chapter 17: Control of Algal Nuisance
17.1 Why do we need to Control Algae?
17.2 Chemical Methods of Controlling Algae
17.3 Physical Methods of Controlling Algae
17.4 Biological Methods of Controlling Algae
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Chapter 18: Toxic Algae
18.1 What are Toxic Algae?
18.2 Major Toxic Algal Groups
18.3 Algae Toxic to Humans
18.4 Algae Toxic to Animals
18.5 Groups of Toxins
18.6 General Symptoms shown by Toxic Algae
18.7 General Chemistry of Some Toxins
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Chapter 19: Fossil Algae
19.1 What are Fossils and Fossil Algae?
19.2 How Old are the Algal Fossils?
19.3 Some Fossil Records of Cyanophyceae
19.4 Some Fossil Records of Rhodophyceae
19.5 Some Fossil Records of Phaeophyceae
19.6 Some Fossil Records of Bacillariophyceae
19.7 Some Fossil Records of Chrysophyceae
19.8 Some Fossil Records of Prymnesiophyceae (= Haptophyceae)
19.9 Some Fossil Records of Dinophyceae
19.10 Some Fossil Records of Chlorophyceae
19.11 Utility of Algal Fossils
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Chapter 20: Methods of Algal Study
20.1 Observing Algae in the Field
20.2 Collection of Algae
20.3 Preservation of Algae
20.4 Preparation of Herbarium Specimens of Algae
20.5 Preparation of Temporary Mounts of Algae
20.6 Some Methods of Preparation of Permanent Algal Slides
20.7 Preparation of Some Stains and Jellies Used in Studying Algae
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Chapter 21: Laboratory Culture and Commercial Cultivation of Algae
21.1 Importance of Culture
21.2 Isolation of Cultures
21.3 Kinds of Cultures
21.4 Culture Media
21.5 Commercial Cultivation of Algae
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Chapter 22: Economic Importance of Algae
22.1 Algae: Beneficial and Detrimental
22.2 Algae as Primary Source of Food and Energy
22.3 Algae as Food
22.4 Agar
22.5 Carrageenin
22.6 Alginates
22.7 Funori
22.8 As a Source of Minerals
22.9 As Fodder or Animal Food
22.10 Diatomite
22.11 As Fertilizer
22.12 Antibiotics and Other Medicines
22.13 In Biological Research
22.14 In Sewage Disposal
22.15 Algae and Land Reclamation
22.16 Role in Water Supply
22.17 Death of Fishes and Other Animals
22.18 Diseases and Death of Human Beings
22.19 Algae and Water-blooms
22.20 Parasitic Algae
22.21 Pollution and Algae
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Chapter 23: Cyanobacteria or Cyanophyceae or Blue-green Algae
23.1 Nomenclature
23.2 Genera and Species
23.3 Are Cyanophyceae Algae?
23.4 Similarities of Myxophyceae and Bacteria
23.5 Distinguishing Features
23.6 Occurrence of Blue-greens
23.7 Thallus Organization in Blue-green Algae
23.8 Cell Structure Under Light Microscope
23.9 Cell Structure Under Electron Microscope
23.10 Cytokinesis in Blue-green Algae
23.11 Nitrogen Fixation
23.12 Heterocyst
23.13 Classification of Blue-green Algae
23.14 Order: Chroococcales
23.15 Family: Chroococcaceae
23.16 Gloeocapsa
23.17 Order: Nostocales
23.18 Family: Oscillatoriaceae
23.19 Oscillatoria
23.20 Family: Nostocaceae
23.21 Nostoc
23.22 Microcystis
23.23 Lyngbya
23.24 Phormidium
23.25 Cylindrospermum
23.26 Anabaena
23.27 Scytonema
23.28 Tolypothrix
23.29 Rivularia
23.30 Gloeotrichia
23.31 Stigonema
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Chapter 24: Chlorophyceae (Green Algae)
24.1 Nomenclature
24.2 Genera and Species
24.3 Distinguishing Characters
24.4 Occurrence
24.5 Cell-structure
24.6 Range in Thallus Organization
24.7 Reproduction
24.8 A note on Economic Importance
24.9 Phylogeny and Evolutionary Trends
24.10 Classification
24.11 Order 1. Volvocales
24.12 Chlamydomonas
24.13 Eudorina
24.14 Pandorina
24.15 Volvox
24.16 Order 2. Chlorococcales
24.17 Chlorella
24.18 Hydrodictyon
24.19 Pediastrum
24.20 Order 3. Ulotrichales
24.21 Ulothrix
24.22 Ulva
24.23 Order 4. Cladophorales
24.24 Cladophora
24.25 Order 5. Chaetophorales
24.26 Fritschiella
24.27 Draparnaldiopsis
24.28 Coleochaete
24.29 Order 6. Oedogoniales
24.30 Oedogonium
24.31 Order 7. Conjugales
24.32 Spirogyra
24.33 Zygnema
24.34 Desmids
24.35 Cosmarium
24.36 Closterium
24.37 Order 8. Siphonales
24.38 Caulerpa
24.39 Vaucheria
24.40 Order 9. Charales
24.41 Chara
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Chapter 25: Xanthophyceae (Yellow-green Algae)
25.1 Phycological Position
25.2 General Characters
25.3 Classification
25.4 Botrydium
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Chapter 26: Chrysophyceae (Golden-brown Algae)
26.1 Phycological Position
26.2 General Characteristics
26.3 Classification
26.4 Ochromonas
26.5 Mallomonas
26.6 Synura
26.7 Phaeothamnion
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Chapter 27: Bacillariophy ceae (Diatoms)
27.1 Phycological Position
27.2 Distinguishing Characters
27.3 Classification
27.4 Occurrence
27.5 Thallus Structure
27.6 Reproduction
27.7 Economic Importance
27.8 Evolution and Phylogeny
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Chapter 28: Cryptophyceae (Cryptomonads)
28.1 Phycological Position
28.2 Some General Characteristics
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Chapter 29: Dinophyceae (Dinofl agellates)
29.1 Phycological Position and Classification
29.2 General Characteristics
29.3 Evolution and Phylogeny of Dinophyceae
29.4 Dinophysis
29.5 Noctiluca
29.6 Peridinium
29.7 Ceratium
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Chapter 30: Euglenophyceae (Euglenoids)
30.1 What are Euglenophyceae?
30.2 Phycological Position and Classification
30.3 General Characteristics
30.4 A Note on the Evolution and Phylogeny of Euglenoids
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Chapter 31: Phaeophyceae (Brown Algae)
31.1 Distinguishing Characters
31.2 Geographical Distribution of Brown Algae in India
31.3 Thallus Organization
31.4 Cell Structure
31.5 Reproduction
31.6 Alternation of Generations
31.7 Classification
31.8 Ectocarpales
31.9 Ectocarpus
31.10 Laminariales
31.11 Laminaria
31.12 Sphacelariales
31.13 Sphacelaria
31.14 Dictyotales
31.15 Dictyota
31.16 Padina
31.17 Fucales
31.18 Sargassum
31.19 Fucus
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Chapter 32: Rhodophyceae (Red Algae)
32.1 General Characters
32.2 Occurrence
32.3 Pigments
32.4 Food-storage Products
32.5 Range of Thallus Structure
32.6 Cell-structure
32.7 Pit Connections
32.8 Reproduction
32.9 Evolution and Phylogeny of Rhodophyceae
32.10 Resemblances and Differences
32.11 Classification
32.12 Differences Between Bangioideae and Florideae
32.13 Bangioideae and Bangiales
32.14 Porphyra
32.15 Compsopogon
32.16 Subclass Florideae
32.17 Nemalionales
32.18 Batrachospermum
32.19 Nemalion
32.20 Gelidiales
32.21 Gelidium
32.22 Gigartinales
32.23 Gracilaria
32.24 Chondrus
32.25 Rhodymeniales
32.26 Champia
32.27 Cryptonemiales
32.28 Corallina
32.29 Ceramiales
32.30 Polysiphonia
32.31 Ceramium
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Chapter 33: Glossary
Bibliography
Appendix 1
Answers to Questions
Appendix 2
Principal Characteristics of Algal Classes Proposed by Parker (1982)
Index