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Alcoholic Fuels

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Scientists and engineers have made significant advances over the last two decades to achieve feasible, cost-efficient processes for the large-scale production of alternative, environmentally friendly sources of energy. Alcoholic Fuels describes the latest methods for producing fuels containing varying percentages of alcohol alongside the various applications they benefit, including combustion engines, fuel cells, and miniature power generators.

Written by experts and innovators in the field,the chapters address the development and application of all alcoholic fuels, from production to end use. The first section of the book examines the production of methanol, ethanol, and butanol from several biomass sources, including corn, wood, and landfill waste. The second section explores blended fuels, such as E10, E85, and E-Diesel, and the third section focuses on applications of the different alcohol fuel types, including fuel cells, reformers, and generators.В  The book concludes with a discussion of the future production, use, and impact of alcohol-based fuels on society.

Alcoholic Fuels provides a timely and practical source of information for chemists, engineers, and scientists working with alternative energy sources as well as managers, policymakers, and consumers considering the use and implementation of alcoholic fuels in automobiles and other energy conversion devices.

Author(s): Shelley Minteer
Series: Chemical industries 112
Edition: 1
Publisher: CRC/Taylor & Francis
Year: 2006

Language: English
Pages: 280
City: Boca Raton, FL

Alcoholic Fuels......Page 1
Preface......Page 9
Editor......Page 11
Contributors......Page 12
Contents......Page 15
INTRODUCTION......Page 18
Table of Contents......Page 0
METHANOL......Page 19
BUTANOL......Page 20
REFERENCES......Page 21
DK9448_C002......Page 22
CONTENTS......Page 23
INTRODUCTION......Page 24
PRETREATMENT......Page 25
IGT Gasifier......Page 26
BCL Gasifier......Page 28
Raw Gas versus System Requirements......Page 29
Tar Removal......Page 31
Wet Gas Cleaning......Page 33
Dry/Hot Gas Cleaning......Page 35
Reforming......Page 36
Water Gas Shift......Page 38
CO2 Removal......Page 39
METHANOL SYNTHESIS......Page 41
Fixed-Bed Technology......Page 42
Liquid-Phase Methanol Production......Page 43
ELECTRICITY COGENERATION BY COMBINED CYCLE......Page 44
BLACK LIQUOR GASIFICATION......Page 45
Fischer-Tropsch (FT) Diesel......Page 46
Dimethyl Ether (DME)......Page 47
SELECTION OF CONCEPTS......Page 48
MODELING MASS AND ENERGY BALANCES......Page 49
COSTING METHOD......Page 52
RESULTS......Page 53
CONCLUSIONS......Page 60
REFERENCES......Page 61
LANDFILLS AND LANDFILL GAS......Page 66
METHANOL, PRESENT, AND FUTURE......Page 68
LANDFILL GAS TO METHANOL......Page 69
RENEWABLE METHANOL......Page 71
NEW USES FOR DOMESTIC METHANOL......Page 72
CONTENTS......Page 73
INTRODUCTION......Page 74
ECONOMICS OF CORN ETHANOL......Page 75
STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF THE CORN KERNEL......Page 76
FERMENTATION OF GLUCOSE TO ETHANOL......Page 77
WET-MILLING AND DRY-GRIND CORN PROCESSES FOR ETHANOL FERMENTATION......Page 80
Starch Conversion......Page 81
Stillage Processing and Feed Products......Page 82
Oil, Fiber, and Gluten Separation......Page 83
FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN THE CORN ETHANOL INDUSTRY......Page 84
Other Types of Biomass......Page 85
NEW PRODUCTS FROM WET-MILLED CORN STARCH......Page 86
New Processing Technology to Decrease Energy Use......Page 87
ZEIN PROTEIN FROM CORN DRY GRINDING OR WET MILLING......Page 88
REFERENCES......Page 89
CONTENTS......Page 93
CURRENT ALFALFA CULTIVATION AND UTILIZATION......Page 94
DEVELOPMENT AND CULTIVATION OF ALFALFA FOR BIOMASS......Page 96
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ALFALFA......Page 97
GENETIC IMPACTS ON COMPOSITION......Page 100
PROTEIN AND FIBER SEPARATION......Page 101
PRETREATMENT OF ALFALFA FIBER......Page 102
CONVERSION RESPONSE AFTER DILUTE ACID PRETREATMENT......Page 103
ALFALFA BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENOMICS......Page 104
CONCLUSIONS......Page 107
REFERENCES......Page 108
CONTENTS......Page 113
INTRODUCTION......Page 114
AMYLOLYTIC ENZYMES AND SOLVENTOGENIC CLOSTRIDIA......Page 115
BIOCHEMISTRY OF BUTANOL PRODUCTION FROM CORN......Page 117
Corn Fiber......Page 120
Corn Steep Water......Page 121
Batch Process......Page 122
Batch Process with Concentrated Sugar Solutions......Page 124
Continuous Fermentation......Page 125
Immobilized and Cell Recycle Reactors......Page 126
Gas Stripping......Page 127
Pervaporation......Page 128
Perstraction......Page 130
CONCLUSION......Page 131
REFERENCES......Page 132
Section II Blended Fuels......Page 137
HISTORY OF ETHANOL- BASED FUELS......Page 138
OXYGENATED FUELS......Page 139
ETHANOL PRODUCTION......Page 141
ENGINE ISSUES......Page 142
E- DIESEL......Page 144
REFERENCES......Page 146
CONTENTS......Page 150
HISTORY......Page 151
FLEXIBLEFUEL VEHICLES......Page 152
MATERIAL COMPATIBILITY......Page 153
METALLIC SUBSTANCES......Page 154
VEHICLE FUEL PUMPS......Page 155
PROPERTY COMPARISON WITH GASOLINE......Page 156
FUEL ECONOMY......Page 158
SAFETY......Page 160
VEHICLE TAILPIPE EMISSIONS......Page 161
SUSTAINABILITY......Page 162
FUTURE TRENDS IN E85......Page 163
REFERENCES......Page 164
Section III Applications of Alcoholic Fuels......Page 166
INTRODUCTION......Page 167
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 169
CATALYST DEVELOPMENT......Page 170
MEMBRANE DEVELOPMENT......Page 171
THERMODYNAMIC OPTIMUM......Page 172
REALITIES OF SURFACE KINETICS......Page 173
PERFORMANCE TARGETS AND EFFICIENCIES......Page 176
GENERAL OPTIMIZATION......Page 178
ELECTROCATALYSTS AND SUPPORTS......Page 184
MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY......Page 187
NAFION- BASED MEMBRANES......Page 188
NEW SEPARATORS......Page 190
CLOSING THOUGHTS......Page 194
ABBREVIATIONS......Page 196
REFERENCES......Page 197
INTRODUCTION......Page 202
DIRECT ETHANOL FUEL CELLS......Page 203
PTRU CATALYSTS......Page 204
PTSN CATALYSTS......Page 205
REFERENCES......Page 212
CONTENTS......Page 214
INTRODUCTION......Page 215
FUELS FOR SOLID- OXIDE FUEL CELLS......Page 216
SINGLE- CHAMBER SOLID- OXIDE FUEL CELLS AND HYDROCARBON FUELS......Page 220
SUMMARY......Page 222
REFERENCES......Page 223
CONTENTS......Page 226
BATTERIES......Page 227
FUEL CELLS......Page 228
BIOFUEL CELLS......Page 229
ENZYME IMMOBILIZATION TECHNIQUES......Page 231
WIRED TECHNIQUE......Page 232
ENTRAPMENT TECHNIQUE......Page 233
NAFION® MODIFICATION......Page 234
NAD+-DEPENDENT ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENAS EBIOFUEL CELLS......Page 236
PQQ-DEPENDENT ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE BIOFUEL CELLS......Page 237
MEMBRANELESS BIOFUEL CELLS......Page 238
CONCLUSIONS......Page 240
REFERENCES......Page 241
BACKGROUND......Page 243
ENERGETICALLY INTEGRATED ETHANOL REFORMING PROCESSES......Page 246
CATALYTIC SYSTEMS......Page 248
MECHANISTIC ASPECTS......Page 250
NICKEL- AND COBALT-BASED CATALYSTS......Page 251
NOBLE METAL- BASED CATALYSTS......Page 253
PERSPECTIVES......Page 254
REFERENCES......Page 255
CONTENTS......Page 259
INTRODUCTION......Page 260
Carbon-Cycle Neutral......Page 261
AQUAPONICS......Page 262
Auto- Feeders......Page 263
Floor of the Structure......Page 264
Potential Yield......Page 265
FISH FEED FORMULATION......Page 266
Hatchery......Page 267
ENERGY PLANTATION......Page 268
PROCESSING......Page 269
ABUNDANCE OF BIOMASS......Page 270
RESERVE FOOD SUPPLY......Page 271
GROWTH OF FISH FEED FROM PLANT SOURCES......Page 272
Food that Nourishes Us......Page 273
REFERENCES......Page 274
STATISTICAL HIGHLIGHTS......Page 275
NEW POWER OPPORTUNITIES......Page 277
CONCLUSION......Page 279
REFERENCES......Page 280