This book is an essential introduction to the basic principles of radiation protection and aerosol physics, including applications within international and UK law for the protection of the public against the dangers arising from ionising radiation. The text also discusses the difficulties with the monitoring and the health detriment associated with problematic radionuclides.
Author(s): Peter A. Bryant
Series: IOP Expanding Physics
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Year: 2019
Language: English
Pages: 128
City: Bristol
PRELIMS.pdf
Preface
Author biography
Peter A Bryant
Abbreviations
Glossary of terms
CH001.pdf
Chapter 1 Radiation physics and the structure of matter
1.1 The structure of the atom
1.2 Mass, atomic numbers and isotopes
1.3 Ionising radiation
1.4 Mechanism of radioactive decay
1.5 Decay chains and equilibrium
1.6 The nuclide chart
1.7 Types of radioactive decay
1.7.1 Alpha decay and the alpha particle
1.7.2 Beta decay and the beta particle
1.7.3 X- and gamma-rays
1.7.4 Neutron sources and interactions with matter
1.8 Penetrating powers of ionising radiation
1.9 Summary
References
CH002.pdf
Chapter 2 Sources of radioactive discharges
2.1 Discharges from civil nuclear industry
2.1.1 Components of a nuclear reactor
2.1.2 Radioactive discharges from nuclear reactors
2.2 Discharges from other nuclear facilities
2.2.1 Nuclear fuel production and reprocessing
2.2.2 Nuclear defence establishments
2.2.3 Radiopharmaceutical production
2.2.4 Waste treatment facilities and landfill sites
2.2.5 Research establishments
2.3 Discharges from non-nuclear facilities
2.4 Physiochemical form and duration of radioactive discharges
2.5 Source term
2.6 Summary
References
CH003.pdf
Chapter 3 Aerosol physics and dispersion modelling
3.1 Aerosols—particulate size and particulate concentration
3.1.1 Particulate size
3.1.2 Particulate concentration (number and mass distribution)
3.2 Aerosol stability
3.3 Aerosol motion without external forces
3.3.1 Velocity as a function of distance
3.3.2 Velocity as a function of time travelled
3.4 Sedimentation
3.5 Diffusion and the Gaussian plume
3.6 Dispersion modelling
3.6.1 Gaussian plume model
3.6.2 Calculating activity concentrations in air
3.6.3 Far field models
3.7 Summary
References
CH004.pdf
Chapter 4 Exposure pathways
4.1 The human environment
4.2 Cloudshine from the plume of radioactivity
4.3 Groundshine from the deposited particulate
4.3.1 Dry deposition
4.3.2 Wet deposition
4.3.3 Groundshine
4.4 Inhalation of aerosols
4.4.1 Re-suspension of deposited activity
4.5 Ingestion of contaminated food products
4.6 Representative person
4.7 Novel pathways
4.8 Impacts to flora and fauna as a result of radioactive discharges
4.9 Summary
References
CH005.pdf
Chapter 5 Principles of dose and biological effects of radiation
5.1 Absorbed dose
5.2 Equivalent dose
5.3 Effective dose
5.4 Basic human physiology
5.4.1 Inhalation and the respiratory system
5.4.2 Ingestion and the digestive system
5.4.3 Radionuclides in the circulatory system
5.4.4 Biological half-life
5.5 Cell biology
5.6 Deterministic effects
5.7 Stochastic effects
5.8 Dose conversion coefficients
5.9 Doses in the context of radioactive discharges
5.10 Summary
References
CH006.pdf
Chapter 6 Environmental monitoring systems
6.1 Sampling radioactive discharges at source
6.1.1 Aerosol sampling
6.1.2 Sampling of iodine
6.1.3 Sampling of noble gases
6.1.4 Sampling of tritium and carbon-14
6.2 Sampling of radioactive discharges in the environment
6.2.1 Environmental aerosol samplers
6.2.2 Sampling of environmental media
6.3 Summary
References
CH007.pdf
Chapter 7 Radiation detection and measurement
7.1 Gas based detectors
7.2 Semiconductor detectors
7.3 Scintillation detectors
7.4 Counting systems versus spectroscopy
7.5 Typical applications of detector technologies
7.6 Criteria for selecting the right detector
7.7 Summary
References
CH008.pdf
Chapter 8 International legislation and standards
8.1 International commission on radiological protection (ICRP) recommendations and standards
8.1.1 ICRP publication 103—the 2007 recommendations of the ICRP
8.2 International conventions, standards and directives
8.2.1 International Atomic Energy Agency Basic Safety Standards
8.2.2 International conventions relevant to radioactive discharges and radioactive waste
8.3 The EURATOM treaty and directives
8.4 Summary
References
CH009.pdf
Chapter 9 UK regulation and guidance
9.1 Environmental permitting regulations
9.2 Environmental Authorisations (Scotland) Regulations
9.3 Nuclear Installations Act
9.4 Ionising radiations regulations
9.5 Radiation (emergency preparedness and public information) regulations
9.6 Impact of BREXIT
9.7 Summary
References
