Agroecological Footprints Management for Sustainable Food System

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
1: Ecological Footprints in Agroecosystem: An Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Concept of Ecological Footprint
1.3 Ecological Footprint and Sustainability
1.4 Ecological Footprint Analysis
1.5 Forms of Footprints
1.5.1 Water Footprint
1.5.2 Energy Footprint
1.5.3 Climate Footprint
1.5.4 Land Footprint
1.5.5 Nutrient Footprint
1.6 Carbon and Water Footprint in Agroecosystems
1.7 Research and Development in Ecological Footprint
1.8 Future Roadmap of Ecological Footprint in Agroecosystems
1.9 Policy and Legal Framework for Managing Footprint in Agroecosystem
1.10 Conclusion
References
2: Natural Resources Intensification and Footprints Management for Sustainable Food System
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Major Components of Agroecology in South Asia
2.2.1 Diversity
2.2.1.1 Diversity in Land Resources
2.2.1.2 Diversity in Water Resources
2.2.1.3 Diversity in Climate Change
2.2.1.4 Crops Diversification
2.2.1.5 Land Diversification
2.2.2 Establishment and Disseminate of Experiences
2.2.3 Government Policies, Institutions, and Public Goods
2.2.4 Synergies
2.2.5 Resource Use Efficiency
2.2.6 Recycling
2.2.7 Resilience Building
2.2.8 Social and Human Values
2.2.9 Tradition of Culture and Food
2.3 Impacts of Intensive Agriculture and Climate Change on Agroecology
2.3.1 Global Warming and Weather Migration
2.3.2 Land Value Degradation
2.3.3 Deterioration of Soil Quality
2.3.4 Worldwide Water Scarcity
2.3.5 Impact on Crop Production and Associative Environment
2.3.6 Occurrence of Extreme Events on Human
2.4 Natural Resources and Footprints in South Asia (SA)
2.4.1 Natural Resources of South Asia
2.4.2 Different Footprints
2.4.2.1 Carbon Footprint
2.4.2.2 Water Footprints
2.4.2.3 Energy Footprint
2.4.2.4 Emission Footprint
2.4.2.5 Nitrogen Footprint
2.4.2.6 Land Footprint
2.4.2.7 Biodiversity Footprint
2.4.2.8 Economic Footprint
2.4.2.9 Composite Footprint
Ecological Footprint
Sustainable Process Index
2.5 Management of Footprints for Sustainability
2.5.1 Management of Carbon Footprints
2.5.2 Crop Residues as Mulch
2.5.3 Tillage Modifications
2.5.4 Need to Change Dietary Habits
2.5.5 Reduces Wastage of Food
2.5.6 Reducing Methane Emissions from Rice Cultivation
2.5.7 Management of Water Footprints
2.6 Natural Resources Intensification for Agroecology Sustainability
2.7 Agroecology for Food Security
2.8 Adaptive Measures for Soil Ecology
2.9 Adaptive Measures for Crop Ecology Under Changing Climate
2.9.1 Adjustment in Sowing Time and Method
2.9.2 Stress Tolerant Cultivars
2.9.3 Cropping System
2.9.4 Conservation Tillage
2.9.5 Nutrient Management
2.9.6 Water Management
2.10 Conclusion
References
3: Agroecology for Sustainable Food System and Footprint Mitigation
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Agricultural Issues
3.2.1 Indian Perspective
3.2.2 Worlds´ Perspectives
3.3 The Paradigm Shift Needed
3.4 What Is Sustainable Agriculture?
3.5 What Is Sustainable Food Production?
3.6 Sustainable Intensification
3.7 Footprints in Agroecosystem
3.8 Concepts and Principles of Agroecology
3.8.1 Principles
3.9 Elements of Agroecology?
3.9.1 Diversity
3.9.2 Synergies
3.9.3 Efficiency
3.9.4 Resilience
3.9.5 Recycling
3.9.6 Co-creation and Sharing of Knowledge
3.9.7 Human and Social Values
3.9.8 Culture and Food Traditions
3.9.9 Responsible Governance
3.9.10 Circular and Solidarity Economy
3.10 Need of Agroecology
3.11 Traditional vs. Agroecological Approaches
3.12 Agricultural Production in India
3.12.1 Agroecological Zones in India
3.12.2 Agroecology for Sustainable Agriculture and Food System in India
3.13 Agroecology Improves Production
3.13.1 Achievement in India
3.14 Agroecology Boosts Living Standards
3.14.1 Achievement in India
3.15 Agroecology Develops Resilience to the Ecosystem
3.15.1 Achievement in India
3.16 Agroecology Enhances the Reliability of Smaller Farms
3.17 Role of Agroecology Towards Reducing Ecological Footprint
3.18 Challenges of India´s Agroecology Scheme
3.18.1 Policy Environment
3.18.2 Market Structure
3.18.3 Retailers Find It Hard to Indulge Small Farmers Reasonably
3.18.4 Medium-Sized Farmers Are Benefiting Unequally
3.18.5 Information and Technology
3.19 Future Research and Developmental Activities in Agroecology
3.19.1 India´s Initiative at Government Level
3.20 Conclusion
References
4: Carbon and Nitrogen Footprints Management for Environmental and Food Security
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Challenges for Food Security
4.2.1 Exponential Population Growth
4.2.2 Rapid Urbanisation
4.2.3 Increase in Dietary Demand
4.2.4 Depleting Natural Resource
4.2.5 Climate and Ecological Change
4.2.6 Infrastructural Shortage and its Inefficacy
4.3 Footprints of Natural Resources
4.3.1 Types of Footprints
4.3.1.1 Environmental Footprints
4.3.1.2 Carbon Footprint
4.3.1.3 Nitrogen Footprints
4.3.1.4 Energy Footprints
4.3.1.5 Ecological Footprints
4.3.1.6 Water Footprints
4.4 Ecosystem Services Role in Footprints
4.4.1 Footprints of Agricultural Practices on Ecosystem Services
4.5 Carbon and Nitrogen Footprints in Agricultural Systems
4.5.1 Total Energy
4.5.2 Machinery
4.5.3 Diesel
4.5.4 Chemicals
4.5.5 Crops
4.5.6 Crop Residue Decomposition
4.5.7 Inorganic Nitrogen Fertiliser Used in Crop Production
4.6 Carbon and Nitrogen Footprints Calculation and Equations (Rice-wheat System)
4.7 Reduce Carbon and Nitrogen Footprints for Sustainable Food Production Systems
4.7.1 Strategies to Reduce Carbon and Nitrogen Footprints in Rice-Wheat Cropping Systems
4.8 Carbon and Nitrogen Footprints Management through Best Management Practices
4.8.1 Reduction of Carbon Footprint
4.8.1.1 Mitigation of Greenhouse Gases Emissions
4.8.1.2 Increasing Carbon Sequestration
4.8.2 Reduction of Nitrogen Footprint
4.8.2.1 Balanced application of Nitrogenous fertilisers
4.8.2.2 Introduction of Legume Crops in Rice-Wheat Cropping System
4.8.2.3 Use of Specialised Nitrogenous Fertilisers (NFs)
4.9 Conclusion
References
5: Future Transitions to a Renewable Stationary Energy Sector: Implications of the Future Ecological Footprint and Land Use
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Research and Development in Ecological Footprint Informed Policy
5.1.2 Sustainability Issues
5.2 Methodology
5.2.1 The Model and the Global Context
5.2.2 The Regional Context
5.2.3 Stationary Electricity Sector Model Variables
5.2.3.1 Estimating Electricity Demand
5.2.3.2 Historical Fuel Mix
5.2.3.3 Current and Future Emission Factors
5.2.3.4 Land
5.2.3.5 Fuel Mix for Other Nations in the World
5.2.3.6 Assumptions and Constraints on Fuel Mix
Wind
Hydro
Solar
Geothermal
5.2.4 Mitigation Policy Options
5.2.4.1 Fuel Mix of Australian States
5.2.4.2 Uptake of New Technology of Australian States
5.2.5 Timing of Mitigation
5.3 Results and Discussion
5.3.1 Model Output Comparison with Literature
5.3.2 Mitigation Timing
5.3.3 Modelling Output
5.4 Building Robust Stationary Energy Policy
5.5 Legal and Policy Frameworks
5.6 Conclusion
5.7 Future Roadmap
References
6: Biomass as a Cornerstone of a Circular Economy: Resources, Energy, and Environment
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Water, Energy, and Climate Change: The Top Three Global Challenges
6.2.1 What Role Does Biomass Play?
6.2.2 Ecological Footprint and Circular Bioeconomy
6.2.3 Territorial Comprehensive Management Waste
6.2.4 Circular Bioeconomy: Alternative or Need?
6.3 Biomass Production from Wastewater: A Win-Win Strategy?
6.3.1 National Context for the Promotion of Integrated Waste Management Technologies
6.3.2 Microalgae Growth in Sewage Effluents
6.3.3 Results and Discussion on the Experience
6.3.4 System Optimization Aspects
6.3.5 Towards Mitigating Carbon Footprint through the Algal Biomass
6.3.6 Application of Algal Biomass for Reducing Water Footprint
6.3.7 Conclusions about the Experience
6.4 Future Perspectives in the Biomass Sector
6.4.1 Current and Future Challenges for Achieving Sustainability from the Circular Bioeconomy
6.4.2 Policies, Legal Framework, and Financing for the Circular Bioeconomy
6.4.3 Research and Development for Integrated Waste Management Technologies Implementation
References
7: Land Footprint Management and Policies
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Concept of Land Footprint
7.2.1 Extended Land Footprint
7.2.2 Land Footprint as an Integrated Concept
7.3 Land Footprints at Global Scale
7.4 Livestock, Human Consumption Pattern, and Land Footprint
7.5 Alterations in Land Footprint and Land Use
7.6 Measurement of Land Footprint for Specific Land Uses
7.6.1 Estimation of Footprint of Cropland Through Cropland Productivity
7.6.2 Estimation of Footprint of Cropland Through Land Quality
7.6.3 Footprint of Grassland Through Biomass Productivity
7.6.4 Footprint Estimation for Deforestation
7.7 Strategies for Reducing Land Footprint
7.8 Challenges of Land Footprints
7.9 Policies and Management Perspective of Land Footprint and Its Evaluation
7.10 Conclusions
7.11 Research and Development in Land Footprint and Future Perspectives
References
8: Grey Water Footprint Accounting, Challenges, and Problem-Solving
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Conventional Grey Water Footprint Accounting
8.2.1 Global Scale
8.2.2 National Scale
8.3 Challenges of Grey Water Footprint Accounting
8.4 Development of Grey Water Footprint Accounting
8.4.1 Study Area
8.4.2 Proposed Methodology
8.5 Analytical Results
8.5.1 Dissolved Oxygen
8.5.2 Total Solids
8.5.3 Toxics
8.5.4 Other Parameters
8.6 Policy and Legal Framework
8.7 Conclusion
8.8 Future Trends
References
9: Water Footprint in Rice-Based Cropping Systems of South Asia
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Concept of Water Footprint
9.3 Types of Water Footprint
9.3.1 Blue Water Footprint
9.3.2 Green Water Footprint
9.3.3 Gray Water Footprint
9.4 Water Footprint in Rice-Based Cropping Systems
9.5 Water Footprint Measurements and Equations
9.6 Resource Conservation Technologies and Their Impacts on Water Footprint
9.6.1 Short Duration Rice Cultivars
9.6.2 Date of Rice Transplanting
9.6.3 Direct Seeded Rice (DSR)
9.6.4 Laser Land Levelling (LLL)
9.6.5 Permanent Raised Beds (PRBs)
9.6.6 Irrigation Scheduling Based Using Tensiometers
9.6.7 Zero-Tilled Wheat
9.6.8 Crop Diversification
9.7 Desired Technologies to Improve Water Productivity in the South Asia
9.8 Factors Affecting Performance of Resource Conservation Technologies
9.8.1 Soil Texture
9.8.2 Proper Rice Cultivar
9.8.3 Risk Bearing Ability
9.8.4 Annual Income
9.8.5 Mass Media Exposure
9.8.6 Land Holdings
9.8.7 Education Status
9.8.8 Extension Officer´s Visits
9.8.9 Participation in Farmers´ Fairs/Kisan Melas
9.8.10 Farming Experience
9.8.11 Extension Centres Linkages
9.8.12 Innovation Proneness
9.9 Technologies Towards Reducing Water Footprint in Rice-Based Cropping System
9.9.1 Micro-Irrigation
9.9.2 Surface-Irrigation (SI)
9.9.3 Sub-surface Drip Irrigation (SDI)
9.9.4 Drip Irrigation (DI)
9.10 Policies and Legal Framework for Implementing Technologies for Reducing Water Footprint Under Rice Cropping System in Sou...
9.11 Gaps and Future Thrust Research Areas
9.12 Conclusions
9.13 Future Prospective
References
10: Impact of Urbanization and Crude Oil Exploration in Niger Delta Mangrove Ecosystem and Its Livelihood Opportunities: A Foo...
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Conversion of Mangrove to Firewood Increases Carbon Footprint
10.2 Scenario of Urbanization and Land Use of Mangrove Forest Areas in the Niger Delta
10.2.1 Geography and Physical Determinism
10.2.2 Principle of Land Utilization
10.2.3 Demand and Supply
10.2.4 Types of Land Classification
10.2.4.1 Physical Land Classification
10.2.4.2 Use Classification
10.2.5 Land Conversion and Its Effects
10.2.6 Oil and Gas Exploration
10.3 Theoretical Basis of Land Use
10.3.1 Alfred Webber Model
10.3.2 Von Thunen´s Model
10.4 Land Appropriation and Livelihood System
10.4.1 Land Appropriation
10.4.2 Land as an Institution
10.4.3 Land as a Property
10.4.3.1 Types of Property
10.4.4 Characteristics of Land
10.5 Livelihood Opportunities in the Niger Delta: Impact of Urbanization and Crude Oil Exploration
10.5.1 Impact of Urbanization and Crude Oil Exploration
10.5.2 Impact on Agriculture
10.5.3 Impacts on Public Health and Safety
10.5.3.1 Public Health
10.5.3.2 Safety Impacts
10.5.4 Impact of Radiation Hazard in Exploration Work Environment
10.5.5 Security Threat
10.6 Footprints in Niger Delta Mangrove Ecosystem in Relation to Land Use and Livelihood Management
10.7 Research and Development for Management of Niger Delta Mangroves
10.8 Conclusion and Recommendation
10.9 Future Perspective and Legal Policy Formulation
References
11: Challenges of Corporate Ecological Footprint Calculations in the SME Sector in Hungary: Case Study Evidence from Six Hunga...
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Ecological Footprint Scenario in the Corporate Sector Across the Globe and Hungary
11.3 Existing Eco-footprint Scenario in SME Sector in Hungary, Theoretical Framework
11.4 Methodology
11.5 Results
11.5.1 The Case Studies
11.5.2 Discussion
11.6 Research into the Ecological Footprint and the SME Sector
11.7 Policy and Legal Framework in Relation to the Ecological Footprint and Corporate Sector
11.8 Conclusions
11.9 Future Roadmap for the Ecological Footprint in the Corporate Sector
References
12: Opportunities, Challenges, and Ecological Footprint of Sustaining Small Ruminant Production in the Changing Climate Scenar...
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Significance of Livestock in Developing Countries
12.3 Eco-footprint of Livestock Production in Developing World
12.4 Climate Change as a Constraint for Livestock Production
12.5 Importance of Small Ruminants for Small and Marginal Farmers
12.6 Role of Small Ruminants in Reducing Eco-footprint and Combating Climate Change
12.7 Challenges Associated with Small Ruminant Production
12.8 Heat Stress Amelioration Strategies in Small Ruminants
12.8.1 Breeding Strategies
12.8.2 Nutritional Interventions
12.8.2.1 Dietary Fiber
12.8.2.2 Dietary Fat
12.8.2.3 Crude Protein
12.8.2.4 Water
12.8.2.5 Vitamins and Minerals
12.8.2.6 Feed Additives
12.8.3 Management Strategies
12.8.3.1 Housing
12.8.3.2 Shade
12.8.3.3 Cooling
12.8.3.4 Feeding Management
12.8.3.5 Animal Handling
12.9 Adaptation Strategies to Sustain Small Ruminant Production
12.10 Research and Development Priorities Associated with Small Ruminants Towards Reducing Eco-footprint and Sustainable Lives...
12.11 Policies and Legal Framework
12.12 Conclusion
12.13 Future Thrust Area
References
13: Determining the Perspective of Turkish Students Ecological Footprint Awareness Based Upon a Survey
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Conceptual Framework
13.2.1 Overview of Ecological Footprints
13.2.2 Ecological Footprint Analysis in Developed and Developing World
13.2.3 People Perception Based Awareness Regarding Ecological Footprint
13.2.4 The World´s and Turkey´s Ecological Footprint
13.3 Methodology
13.4 Results
13.5 Extension Activities Promoting Awareness and Perception Development in Relation to Ecological Footprint
13.6 Legal and Policy Framework for Imparting Education towards Perception and Awareness Generation in Relation to Ecofootprint
13.7 Conclusion
13.8 Further Research
References
14: Energy and Climate Footprint Towards the Environmental Sustainability
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Energy Footprint of Agroecosystem and Agriculture Sector
14.2.1 Analysis of Energy in Agroecosystem
14.3 Climate Footprint in Agroecosystem
14.4 Measuring Energy Footprint Through Life Cycle Assessment Approach
14.5 Pattern of Energy and Climate Footprint of Agroecosystem
14.5.1 Future Global Pattern of Energy and Climate Footprint
14.5.2 Regional Pattern of Climate and Energy Footprint
14.6 Renewable Energy Footprint
14.6.1 Renewable Energy Footprint to Mitigate Climate Change
14.7 Reducing Energy and Climate Footprint in Agroecosystem
14.8 Role of Agroecosystem Towards Reducing Climate Change and Environmental
14.8.1 Sustainability in the Context Climate and Energy Footprint
14.9 Conclusion
14.10 Research and Development and Future Perspectives towards Energy and Climate Footprint for Environmental Sustainability
References
15: Ecofootprint of Charcoal Production and Its Economic Contribution Towards Rural Livelihoods in Sub-Saharan Africa
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Concept of Energy Footprint and Its Valuation
15.2.1 Methods of Calculating the Energy Footprint of Charcoal Production
15.2.1.1 Calculating Charcoal Energy Footprint Using Carbon Sequestration
15.2.1.2 Calculating Charcoal Energy Footprint Using Units of Energy
15.3 Charcoal Demand and Production in Sub-Saharan Africa
15.3.1 Demand for Charcoal
15.3.2 Dynamics of Charcoal Production
15.3.3 Contribution to Rural Livelihoods and National Economies
15.3.4 Technologies and Charcoal Production Efficiency
15.3.5 Charcoal Production Trends and Projections in the Past
15.4 The Energy Footprint of Charcoal Across the Globe and Sub-Saharan Africa
15.5 Impact of Energy Footprint in Charcoal Production in Sub-Saharan Africa
15.5.1 The Biomass Energy Factor in Ecofootprint (EF) Mapping
15.5.2 Ecofootprint of Africa
15.5.3 Drivers of Ecological Footprint
15.6 Effect of Charcoal Production and Trade on Forests and Wetland Resources
15.7 Research and Development Activities
15.8 Policy and Legal Framework Gaps and Challenges for the Charcoal Industry
15.8.1 Past and Emerging Approaches for Forest Policy Design and Implementation
15.8.2 Institutionalization of Natural Resource Management and Local Participation
15.9 Conclusion
15.10 Future Perspectives
References
16: River Sand Mining and Its Ecological Footprint at Odor River, Nigeria
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Sand Extraction and Ecological Footprint in Global South.
16.3 Mineral Extraction and Poverty in Africa
16.4 The Concept of Ecological Footprint
16.5 Nigerian Mining Sector
16.6 Sands and Sand Mining: Study from Odor River
16.6.1 Study Area
16.6.2 Data Gathering
16.6.3 Sampling Technique
16.6.4 Data Analysis
16.6.5 Results and Discussion
16.7 Economic Opportunities of Sand Mining in Odor River
16.8 Quantifying the Volume of Sand Extracted from Odor River and Its Effects
16.9 Sustainable Strategies Towards Reducing Ecological Footprint in Odor River
16.10 Research and Development Towards Reducing Ecological Footprint Under River System
16.11 Policy Implications
16.12 Conclusion
16.13 Future Perspectives
References