The anxious search for agricultural income resources, and assurance of the national water supply in the northern newly created state of Israel initiated the national project of the Hula Drainage. The implementation of this project was accompanied as of today by research and monitoring of the ecological trait aimed at crop harvest improvement in the Hula valley and prevention of water quality deterioration in Lake Kinneret. Forty years later a reclamation project to improve the peat soil property and renovate the hydrological system was carried out. This book documents the scientific research carried out during this mega-ecological project. Several issues of the ecological renovation and its impact on the Hula valley management and water quality in lake Kinneret are presented in this book.
The advantage and contribution of a newly created shallow lake Agmon-Hula to nutrient dynamics, and hydrological control, accompanied by avian presence, (among others, Cranes, Storks, Pelicans, Flamingoes) and plants renewal which enhanced, tourism; potential impact of nitrogen and sulfate migration from the Hula valley on the Kinneret water quality; the role of climate change on the ecology of the Hula Valley and the Kinneret nutrient availabilities and phytoplankton community; the subterranean migration of water and nutrients and water loss. Further proposals for future development are under consideration.
This book presents a comprehensive practical management implementation of a long-term ecological project. Results of scientific and monitoring research which followed the project implementation benefit the international and national communities.
Author(s): Moshe Gophen
Series: Springer Geography
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 262
City: Cham
Foreword: Agricultural Development and Soil Deterioration After the Hula Drainage
Introduction
Soil Features
Initial Stages of Agriculture
Soil Deterioration
Measures for Land Reclamation
Plans and Research for the Development of New Agro-tourism Scheme
References
Acknowledgments
Hula Book: Introduction
The Hula Valley: Anthropocene Historical Headlines
Contents
Chapter 1: Hula Drainage Project
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Before Drainage Period
1.1.2 Historical Highlights
1.1.3 Hula Drainage Operation
1.2 Conclusive Remarks and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 2: Climatological Conditions in the Hula Valley
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Data Sources
2.1.2 Statistical Methods
2.1.3 Mapping of Subterranean Water Distribution
2.2 Results
2.2.1 The Impact of Climate Condition Changes on Rain Distribution
2.3 Discussion
2.4 Conclusive Summary
References
Chapter 3: Subterranean Migration of Nutrients in the Hula Valley
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Results and Discussion
3.1.2 Seasonal Changes
3.2 Summary
References
Chapter 4: Crane (Grus grus) Ecotourism in the Hula Valley: A Compensated Conflict of Interest
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Results and Discussion
4.2.1 The Summer Increase of TP in Lake Agmon-Hula
4.3 Summary
4.4 Conclusive Remarks
Epilogue: Avian Influenza Outbreak
References
Chapter 5: Nutrients Dynamics in Lake Agmon-Hula
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Data Sources
5.3 Results and Discussion
5.4 Submerged and Emerged Macrophytes
5.5 Summary
References
Chapter 6: Land Use-Land Cover and Climate Change in the Hula Valley
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Data Sources
6.3 Results and Discussion
6.4 Regional Water Balance
6.5 The Impact of Climate Change: Temperature, Solar Radiation
6.6 Climate Change
6.6.1 Hydrology
6.6.2 Air Temperature
6.6.3 Chill Hours Record
6.6.4 Solar Radiation
6.7 Conclusive Remarks
References
Chapter 7: Air Temperature Hula Reclamation Project and Albedo in the Hula Valley
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Data Sources
7.3 Results and Discussion
7.4 Conclusive Summary
References
Chapter 8: Hula Valley and Lake Kinneret Interrelationships: Future Management Proposition of Lake Agmon-Hula System
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Source of Information
8.3 Results and Discussion
8.3.1 Lake Agmon Water Balance
8.3.2 Water Balance (2005, 2006) in Lake Agmon-Hula
8.3.3 Nutrient Dynamics
8.3.4 Bird Distribution the Hula Valley
8.4 Summary
References
Chapter 9: N2-Fixer Cyanobacterium Dependent on Sulfate Supply from the Hula Valley
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Material and Methods
9.3 Results
9.3.1 Headwater Discharges as Sulfate Resourcing
9.4 Sulfate Load in the Hula Valley
9.5 Hula Valley-Lake Kinneret Sulfate-Molybdenum Linkage
9.6 Molybdenum (Mo) in the Kinneret Ecosystem
9.7 Discussion
9.8 Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 10: Climatological Dryness and Water Loss in the Hula Valley
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Source of Information
10.3 Results and Discussion
10.3.1 Hydrological Feature of the Hula Valley
10.4 Enhancement of Aridity
10.5 Water Consumption and Peat soil Structure
10.6 Underground Water Migration
10.7 The Bulk Density and Field Capacity Features of the Peat Soil
10.8 The Drought Period of 2014–2019
10.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Nutrient Export from the Hula Valley
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Source of Information
11.3 Results and Discussion
11.4 Seasonal Dynamics of Nutrient Migration from the Hula Valley
11.5 Nutrient Dynamics in Lake Agmon-Hula
11.6 Climate Change
11.7 Conclusive Remarks
11.8 Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 12: Seasonality of Nutrient Export and the Role of Aquatic Vegetation
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Data Sources
12.3 Results and Discussion
12.4 Submerged and Emerged Macrophytes
12.5 Discussion
12.6 Summary
References
Chapter 13: Biological Features of Lake Agmon-Hula
13.1 The Fish Community in Lake Agmon-Hula
13.1.1 Ichthyofaunal Survey (2007 and 2018)
13.2 High Plant Vegetation in Lake Agmon-Hula and Adjacent Area
13.3 The Avifauna of Lake Agmon-Hula and Adjacent Area
13.3.1 Feeding Habits
13.3.2 Field Observation Counted Monitoring (2017–2018)
13.3.3 Waterbird Nesting
13.3.4 Name List of Common Birds
13.3.5 Winter-Spring: December–January–May
13.3.6 Summer-Fall: June–November
13.3.7 Nonmigratory (Resident) Common Species
13.4 Fish Food Composition in Lake Agmon-Hula
13.5 Phytoplankton
13.6 Phytoplankton and Metaphyton
13.7 The Invertebrate Fauna in Lake Agmon-Hula
References
Chapter 14: The Impact of Nitrogen Supply From the Hula Valley to Lake Kinneret
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 The Management of the Hula Valley
14.2 Information Sources
14.3 Results and Discussion
14.4 Conclusive Remarks
References
Chapter 15: Kinneret Phytoplankton and Fish Communities Responses to Climate Changes: Anthropogenic Involvement and Nitrogen Migration in the Hula Valley
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Data Source
15.3 Results and Discussion
15.3.1 Consequences of the Hula Drainage in the Kinneret Phytoplankton Composition
15.3.2 Climate Condition Changes in the Hula Valley
15.3.2.1 Climate Cycles: ENSO Case
15.3.2.2 ENSO Impact on Kinneret Fishery
15.4 Summary
15.5 Conclusive Remarks and Future Perspectives
References
Epilogue: The Hula Valley and Lake Kinneret: Rivals or Friends?
Index
