Agriculture - Encyclopedia of Water Science

dk9627fm......Page 1
Encyclopedia of Water Science, Second Edition, Volume I-II......Page 3
Contributors......Page 6
Contents......Page 20
Topical Table of Contents......Page 28
Preface to Second Edition......Page 41
Preface to First Edition......Page 42
Agricultural engineering......Page 46
Table of Contents......Page 0
Environmental engineering......Page 47
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 48
THE CHEMISTRY OF ACID RAIN......Page 49
DROP-SCALE TRANSPORT PROCESSES OF ACID RAIN......Page 50
REFERENCES......Page 51
BACKGROUND INFORMATION......Page 52
Technical Description and Operation of the LDPI System......Page 53
Water, Salt Buildup, and Nutrition Management......Page 54
REFERENCES......Page 56
AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF QUANTITY......Page 58
DISSOLVED POLLUTANTS......Page 59
CONTROL OF AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF......Page 60
REFERENCES......Page 61
DISCUSSION......Page 62
SUMMARY......Page 63
REFERENCES......Page 64
FAN SLOPE......Page 65
CHANNEL FORMS AND FAN SEGMENTATION......Page 66
CONCLUSION......Page 67
REFERENCES......Page 68
THE EARLY DEVELOPMENTS AND THE MYTH OF HERACLES......Page 69
THE DRAINING OF THE LAKE IN PTECHAE AND THE GREEK INSTITUTIONS FOR CONSTRUCTING PUBLIC WORKS......Page 70
REFERENCES......Page 72
SCIENTIFIC VIEWS OF HYDROLOGIC PHENOMENA AND HYDRAULICS......Page 73
HYDRAULIC MECHANISMS AND DEVICES......Page 74
REFERENCES......Page 75
THE WATER SUPPLY IN MINOAN CIVILIZATION......Page 76
THE WATER SUPPLY OF SAMOS AND THE AWESOME FEAT OF EUPALINOS......Page 78
THE SUSTAINABLE URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN ATHENS......Page 81
REFERENCES......Page 83
TRANSPIRATION, PLANT WATER STATUS, AND YIELD......Page 84
IMPROVED PRESERVATION AND QUALITY DURING STORAGE......Page 85
REFERENCES......Page 86
TYPES OF ANTITRANSPIRANTS......Page 88
CONCLUSION......Page 89
REFERENCES......Page 90
AQUIFERS......Page 91
REFERENCES......Page 93
Surface Infiltration......Page 94
Direct Well Injection......Page 95
Monitoring and Analysis......Page 96
REFERENCES......Page 97
USE OF WATER FROM THE AQUIFER......Page 98
REFERENCES......Page 99
WATER BUDGET METHODS......Page 100
DARCIAN METHODS......Page 101
REFERENCES......Page 102
RELATIONSHIP TO GROUNDWATER FLOW......Page 104
ANISOTROPY AND PRINCIPAL DIRECTIONS......Page 105
REFERENCES......Page 106
IRRIGATION AND COTTON......Page 107
MUYNAK AND ARALSK......Page 108
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS......Page 109
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 110
Snow......Page 111
Sea Ice......Page 112
REFERENCES......Page 114
BORON–SOIL INTERACTION......Page 115
BORON–PLANT INTERACTION......Page 116
REFERENCES......Page 117
Dielectric Determination of Soil Water Content......Page 119
Dielectric Spectra of Clay–Water Systems......Page 120
REFERENCES......Page 121
DISCHARGE......Page 123
CROPPING PATTERN......Page 124
HYDROPOWER......Page 125
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 126
UPSTREAM WATER-LEVEL CONTROL......Page 127
ROUTING DEMAND CHANGES (GATE STROKING)......Page 129
REFERENCES......Page 130
DATA QUALITY......Page 131
GFAA......Page 132
Individual Organic Constituents or Groups......Page 133
CONCLUSION......Page 134
REFERENCES......Page 135
CHEMIGATION EQUIPMENT......Page 136
Injection Equipment......Page 137
Safety Equipment......Page 138
REFERENCES......Page 139
RADIONUCLIDES IN FISH......Page 141
RADIONUCLIDES IN GROUNDWATER AND IRRIGATION WATER......Page 143
RADIATION EXPOSURES VIA THE AQUATIC PATHWAY......Page 144
REFERENCES......Page 145
DISCUSSION......Page 147
REFERENCES......Page 149
OCCURRENCE OF CHROMIUM IN NATURAL WATERS AND WATER SUPPLIES......Page 150
SOLUBILITY CONTROLS OF CHROMIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN WATER......Page 151
OXIDATION–REDUCTION CHEMISTRY OF CHROMIUM IN NATURAL WATERS......Page 153
REFERENCES......Page 154
Advantages......Page 155
RESULTS ACHIEVED BY USING CONSERVATION OR NO-TILLAGE......Page 156
REFERENCES......Page 157
PARTITIONING OF CONSUMPTIVE WATER USE......Page 158
MODELING OF CONSUMPTIVE WATER USE......Page 159
REFERENCES......Page 160
CROP COEFFICIENT CURVES......Page 162
Definition of Growing Periods within the Growing Season......Page 163
Crop Coefficients Applied to Hourly Time Periods......Page 164
REFERENCES......Page 165
Crop Phenology......Page 166
Assimilate Accumulation......Page 167
Plant Water Relations......Page 168
REFERENCES......Page 169
Sorghum......Page 170
Peas......Page 171
Sunflowers......Page 172
REFERENCES......Page 173
POTENTIAL FOR SOIL WATER INCREASE......Page 176
Uniform Height Stubble......Page 177
REFERENCES......Page 178
FACTORS LEADING TO CYANOBACTERIAL DOMINANCE......Page 180
MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT OF ALGAL BLOOMS......Page 181
REFERENCES......Page 182
LOGISTICS OF DAM REMOVAL......Page 183
OUTCOMES OF DAM REMOVAL......Page 184
REFERENCES......Page 186
Unsaturated Flow: Buckingham–Darcy Equation......Page 188
Soil Water Flow......Page 189
REFERENCES......Page 190
DATABASES......Page 192
REFERENCES......Page 195
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES......Page 196
Initial Progradation......Page 197
Enlargement of the Delta Lobe......Page 198
Reoccupation and Growth of a New Delta......Page 199
DELTA PLAIN STYLE......Page 200
REFERENCES......Page 201
Membrane Processes......Page 202
Other Processes......Page 203
KEY ISSUES FACING DESALINATION......Page 204
CONCLUSION......Page 205
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 206
Climate/Precipitation......Page 207
Adsorption/Filtration......Page 208
CONCLUSION......Page 209
REFERENCES......Page 210
ESTIMATION AND SELECTION OF DRAINAGE COEFFICIENTS......Page 211
REFERENCES......Page 213
HOW CONTROLLED DRAINAGE WORKS......Page 214
PRODUCTION BENEFITS OF CONTROLLED DRAINAGE......Page 215
WATER QUALITY BENEFITS OF CONTROLLED DRAINAGE......Page 217
APPLICATION AND MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS......Page 218
REFERENCES......Page 219
HYDROLOGIC IMPACTS......Page 221
REFERENCES......Page 223
ROOT ZONE AERATION......Page 225
CROP RESPONSE......Page 226
REFERENCES......Page 227
Salinity Control......Page 228
DRAINAGE SYSTEM MANAGEMENT......Page 229
REFERENCES......Page 230
Warped Surfaces......Page 231
Crowned Surfaces......Page 232
REFERENCES......Page 233
BACKGROUND......Page 235
CORRUGATED PLASTIC TUBING......Page 236
MATERIALS HANDLING......Page 237
SYNTHETIC DRAIN ENVELOPE MATERIALS......Page 238
REFERENCES......Page 239
Boussinesq Equation......Page 240
SIMULATION MODELS......Page 241
Boussinesq Equation......Page 242
REFERENCES......Page 243
Saline Soils......Page 245
Relief Drains......Page 246
REFERENCES......Page 247
BACKFLOW AND CROSS-CONNECTION CONTROL......Page 249
NEW AND REPAIRED WATER MAINS......Page 250
FINISHED WATER STORAGE......Page 251
CONCLUSIONS......Page 252
REFERENCES......Page 253
CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION......Page 254
REFERENCES......Page 255
BIOLOGICAL GROWTH AND BIOLOGICAL GROWTH INDUCED CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION......Page 256
CHLORINATION......Page 257
REFERENCES......Page 258
DROUGHT DEFINITION AND TYPES......Page 260
THE IMPACTS OF DROUGHT......Page 261
REFERENCES......Page 262
EFFECTS OF DROUGHT HARDENING......Page 263
PRESOWING HARDENING......Page 264
REFERENCES......Page 265
Anatomical Mechanisms......Page 267
Growth Habits......Page 268
REFERENCES......Page 269
SHIFTING THE EMPHASIS FROM CRISIS TO DROUGHT RISK MANAGEMENT......Page 270
REFERENCES......Page 272
MEASUREMENT OF WATER POTENTIAL AND ITS COMPONENTS......Page 273
DROUGHT RESISTANCE OF C3 AND C4 PLANTS......Page 274
GROWTH OF DROUGHT-RESISTANT PLANTS......Page 275
REFERENCES......Page 276
DRYLAND AGRICULTURE......Page 277
Other North American Semiarid and Arid Institutions......Page 278
Middle East and Asia......Page 279
CONCLUSION......Page 280
REFERENCES......Page 281
EFFICIENT WATER USE AND CROP PRODUCTION......Page 282
WATER USE AND CROP YIELD......Page 283
APPROPRIATE CROP AND CROP SEQUENCE......Page 284
ADDITION OF SOIL AMENDMENTS AND OTHER INPUTS......Page 285
REFERENCES......Page 286
DRYLAND FARMING CHARACTERISTICS......Page 287
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 290
DUST BOWL LESSONS......Page 291
AGRICULTURE—DUST BOWL VICTIM OR VILLAIN......Page 294
REFERENCES......Page 295
Mechanism......Page 296
REFERENCE......Page 298
Forced Hydraulic Jumps by a Vertical Sill......Page 299
Hydraulic Jumps Below Abrupt Expansions......Page 300
ENERGY DISSIPATORS ON SPILLWAYS......Page 301
REFERENCES......Page 302
RAINFALL EROSIVITY......Page 303
REFERENCES......Page 305
EROSION AND CROP PRODUCTION: SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES......Page 307
CONCLUSIONS......Page 308
REFERENCES......Page 309
Technologies for Reducing Overland Flow Erosion......Page 310
Technologies for Deposition......Page 311
REFERENCES......Page 312
NO-TILL......Page 313
RIDGE TILLAGE......Page 314
STRIP TILLAGE......Page 315
REFERENCES......Page 316
Increased Infiltration of Water into Soil......Page 317
Buffer Types......Page 318
REFERENCES......Page 320
SEDIMENTATION RATES......Page 322
REFERENCES......Page 324
SOIL EROSION RESEARCH......Page 325
REFERENCES......Page 327
Rainfall Simulation......Page 329
Sampling Eroded Sediments......Page 330
REFERENCES......Page 331
TRANSPORT......Page 332
RILLS......Page 333
DEPOSITION......Page 334
EROSION PROCESSES......Page 335
REFERENCES......Page 336
Subaerial Processes......Page 338
VESSEL WAKE......Page 339
METHODS OF MEASURING BANK EROSION......Page 340
REFERENCES......Page 341
THE UNIVERSAL SOIL LOSS EQUATION......Page 342
PROCESS-BASED MODELS......Page 343
REFERENCES......Page 344
Interrill Erosion......Page 345
Channel Erosion......Page 346
REFERENCES......Page 347
RATE OF EUTROPHICATION......Page 349
REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT......Page 350
REFERENCES......Page 351
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE......Page 352
Evaporation......Page 353
CANOPY AND SOIL EVAPORATION......Page 354
REFERENCES......Page 355
EDDY FLUX......Page 356
EDDY COVARIANCE SENSORS......Page 357
REFERENCES......Page 358
Unlimited Water Availability......Page 359
Water Scarcity......Page 360
CONCLUSION......Page 361
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 362
Energy Budget......Page 363
ESTIMATION OF EVAPORATION......Page 364
REFERENCES......Page 365
HOW SOIL CONTROLS EVAPORATION......Page 366
ENERGY PROCESSES DURING EVAPORATION......Page 367
REFERENCES......Page 368
VEGETATION AND WATER CONSUMPTION......Page 370
CANOPY STRUCTURE......Page 371
CANOPY ARCHITECTURE AND PRECIPITATION INTERCEPTION......Page 372
CANOPY ARCHITECTURE AND TRANSPIRATION......Page 373
CLIMATE–VEGETATION DYNAMICS AND EVAPOTRANSPIRATION......Page 374
REFERENCES......Page 375
BACKGROUND INFORMATION......Page 377
Hargreaves method......Page 378
Penman–Monteith method......Page 379
CORRECTIONS DUE TO LIMITED SOIL WATER......Page 380
REFERENCES evapotranspiration. Agron. J. 1989, 81 (4), 650–662.......Page 381
Water Vapor Transfers Between Leaf Surface and Greenhouse Air......Page 382
Determination of the aerodynamic resistance......Page 383
Crop Transpiration Estimation from Outside Climate Parameters......Page 384
THE COUPLING BETWEEN THE CROP AND THE ATMOSPHERE......Page 385
REFERENCES......Page 386
OVERVIEW......Page 388
ADDITIONAL INSIGHT......Page 389
REFERENCES......Page 390
OVERVIEW OF REMOTE SENSING METHODS......Page 391
APPLICATION OF ALEXI AND DTD METHODS......Page 394
REFERENCES......Page 396
REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION......Page 398
INFORMATION DISSEMINATION......Page 399
REFERENCES......Page 400
Environmental Issues......Page 401
CONCLUSION......Page 402
REFERENCES......Page 403
Location......Page 404
Water Supply......Page 405
POND MANAGEMENT......Page 406
REFERENCES......Page 407
IRRIGATION SCHEDULING AND LEACHING......Page 408
Surface Irrigation......Page 409
REFERENCES......Page 410
Precipitation and Irrigation......Page 411
Radiation Balance and Soil Heat Flux......Page 412
Plant Growth and Natural Resource Modeling......Page 413
REFERENCES......Page 414
Centrifugal Sand Separators......Page 415
Screen Filters......Page 416
Sand Media Filters......Page 417
REFERENCES......Page 419
FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT......Page 420
THE NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM......Page 422
PROGRESS......Page 423
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 424
Watersheds......Page 425
Soil Types and Land Use/Cover......Page 426
Flood Hydrographs......Page 427
HUMAN ASPECTS OF FLOODS......Page 428
Structural Measures to Control Flooding......Page 429
REFERENCES......Page 430
HISTORY......Page 431
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 432
ANCIENT HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES......Page 433
HYDRAULIC CONCEPTS RELATED TO FLOW MEASUREMENTS......Page 434
FLOW MEASUREMENT DEVICES FOR DAMS AND HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES......Page 435
REFERENCES......Page 437
TYPES......Page 439
IMPORTANCE......Page 441
REFERENCES......Page 442
REDISTRIBUTION OF WATER DURING FREEZING......Page 443
REFERENCES......Page 444
EQUIPMENT......Page 446
DRYLAND APPLICATIONS......Page 447
REFERENCES......Page 448
POLLUTION PROBLEM......Page 450
WATER DIVERSION: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS......Page 451
REFERENCES......Page 452
BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY......Page 453
Water Use......Page 455
Control Methods, Restoration and Revegetation......Page 456
CONCLUSIONS......Page 457
REFERENCES......Page 458
Biological Complexities......Page 460
CONCLUSION......Page 461
REFERENCES......Page 462
SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION......Page 463
FATE OF CONTAMINANTS......Page 464
REFERENCES......Page 465
GROUNDWATER ARSENIC CONTAMINATION IN BANGLADESH......Page 466
SOCIAL PROBLEM AND IGNORANCE......Page 467
HOW TO COMBAT THE PRESENT ARSENIC CRISIS......Page 469
REFERENCES......Page 471
NATURAL PROCESSES CAUSING GROUNDWATER-LEVEL FLUCTUATIONS......Page 472
ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION, AND PRESENTATION OF WATER-LEVEL DATA......Page 473
Contouring of Water-Level Elevation Data......Page 474
Examples of Groundwater-Level Data Interpretation......Page 475
REFERENCES......Page 477
MEASURING DEVICES......Page 478
FIELD CONSIDERATIONS......Page 479
REFERENCES......Page 480
GROUNDWATER MINING AND THE WATER BALANCE......Page 481
GROUNDWATER MINING AND SUSTAINABLE AQUIFER USE......Page 482
REFERENCES......Page 484
Modeled Phenomena......Page 485
What Are Models Built For?......Page 486
Conceptualization......Page 487
Calibration and Error Analysis......Page 489
Predictions and Uncertainty......Page 490
REFERENCES......Page 491
A GENERIC NUMERICAL METHOD FOR SOLVING GROUNDWATER FLOW......Page 493
FINITE DIFFERENCES (FD)......Page 494
BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD......Page 495
SIMULATING SOLUTE TRANSPORT......Page 496
REFERENCES......Page 497
GROUNDWATER RESOURCES......Page 498
GROUNDWATER CONTAMINANTS......Page 499
STRATEGIES FOR REMEDIATING CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATERS......Page 501
REFERENCES......Page 502
Row Crops......Page 504
Container Horticultural Crops......Page 505
REFERENCES......Page 506
PHOSPHOROUS LEACHING AND FIXATION......Page 509
REFERENCES......Page 510
Aquitards—Important Role in Compaction......Page 511
Subsidence measurement......Page 512
REFERENCES......Page 514
REVIEW OF BASIC GEOHYDROLOGIC PRINCIPLES......Page 516
WELLS AND GROUND WATER PUMPING SYSTEMS......Page 517
Types of Pumps......Page 518
Hand Pumps......Page 520
Rotary Pumps......Page 521
Deep-Well Turbine Pumps......Page 522
Pump Head and Power Requirements......Page 525
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 528
Mineral Dissolution and Precipitation......Page 529
GROUND WATER QUALITY ISSUES......Page 530
REFERENCES......Page 531
Characterizing Sodicity......Page 532
Estimating Yield Potential......Page 533
Crop Toxicity to Specific Elements......Page 534
IMPACT ON SOILS......Page 535
IMPACTS ON IRRIGATION SYSTEMS......Page 536
REFERENCES......Page 537
BARRIERS TO SUCCESSFUL PREVENTION AND PROTECTION PROGRAMS......Page 538
Ecological Impacts......Page 539
Comprehensive state groundwater protection programs (CSGWPPs)......Page 540
OUTLOOK FOR THE FUTURE......Page 541
REFERENCES......Page 542
GEOPHYSICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS......Page 544
COMBATING SALTWATER INTRUSION......Page 545
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 546
GROUNDWATER RIGHTS......Page 547
Common Law Doctrines......Page 548
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 549
Unconsolidated Sand and Gravel Aquifers......Page 550
AVAILABILITY AND USE......Page 551
South America, Central America, and the Caribbean......Page 552
Asia and Middle East......Page 553
REFERENCES......Page 554
HYDROLOGIC RESERVOIRS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMANS......Page 555
REFERENCES......Page 557
PLANTS AS BIOPUMPS......Page 558
Limitations of Vegetative Caps......Page 559
Application......Page 560
Case Study......Page 561
REFERENCES......Page 562
CLASSIFICATION OF PROCESS MODELS......Page 563
CURRENT HYDROLOGIC PROCESS MODELS AND APPLICATIONS......Page 564
REFERENCES......Page 565
Federally Coordinated Research Programs......Page 566
Centers Studying Drought, Weather, and Climate......Page 567
REFERENCES......Page 568
WHEN AND WHERE HYPOXIA OCCURS......Page 569
HISTORICAL CHANGE IN HYPOXIA......Page 571
CONCLUSION......Page 572
REFERENCES ´......Page 573
THE SEARCH FOR WATER INFORMATION ON THE WWW......Page 574
SEARCH ENGINES......Page 575
REFERENCES......Page 577
CONCEPTS FOR EVALUATING NET ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF IRRIGATION-RELATED POLICIES......Page 578
EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ON ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE......Page 579
REFERENCES......Page 580
THE PRIOR APPROPRIATION DOCTRINE......Page 581
CONFLICT......Page 582
REFERENCES......Page 583
IRRIGATION IN ANCIENT TIMES......Page 584
REFERENCES......Page 586
Farm Water Management Assessment......Page 587
Traditional Views of Water Management......Page 589
Sustainable Water Management......Page 590
CONCLUSIONS......Page 591
REFERENCES......Page 592
CENTRALLY-ADMINISTERED HYDRAULIC CIVILIZATIONS......Page 593
GOVERNMENT AGENCY-MANAGED IRRIGATION SYSTEMS......Page 594
REFERENCES......Page 595
PUBLIC GOODS AND EXTERNALITIES......Page 596
DEVELOPING COST EFFECTIVE POLICIES......Page 597
REFERENCES......Page 598
PAM and Infiltration......Page 599
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF PAM......Page 600
REFERENCES......Page 601
WATER SOURCES—QUANTITY AND QUALITY......Page 604
FIELD AND CROPPING SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS......Page 606
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 607
REFERENCES......Page 608
Informal Associations......Page 609
Oversight......Page 610
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 611
Water......Page 613
TRENDS IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION......Page 614
REFERENCES......Page 615
WATER USED FOR IRRIGATION......Page 617
VALUE OF IRRIGATION......Page 619
REFERENCES......Page 620
CONTEXT OF HUMID AREAS......Page 621
Soil Moisture Methods......Page 622
Common Considerations......Page 623
Interpretive Summary......Page 624
REFERENCES......Page 625
IRRIGATION SYSTEMS AND RESOURCE ENDOWMENTS......Page 626
TRENDS IN IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE......Page 627
The Basin Perspective and Water Savings......Page 628
Role of Storage......Page 629
Effective Irrigation Management Institutions and Policies......Page 630
REFERENCES......Page 631
WATER QUALITY CONSTITUENTS IN IRF......Page 633
Salts......Page 634
Phosphorus......Page 635
Pesticide Residues......Page 636
REFERENCES......Page 637
REASONABLE USES......Page 639
CONCLUSION......Page 640
REFERENCES......Page 641
APPLICATIONS OF PLANT INDICATORS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF WATER STRESS IN IRRIGATION......Page 642
INTERPRETATION OF MEASUREMENTS FOR IRRIGATION DECISION MAKING......Page 643
OVERCOMING BARRIERS FOR GROWER ADOPTION......Page 644
REFERENCES......Page 646
The Pressure Chamber......Page 647
Expansive Growth......Page 648
REFERENCES......Page 649
Leaf Temperature......Page 651
Crop Water Stress Index......Page 652
Spatial Variability in Canopy Temperature......Page 653
REFERENCES......Page 654
USING SOIL WATER MEASUREMENTS......Page 656
ADOPTION BY IRRIGATORS......Page 658
REFERENCES......Page 659
WATER BUDGETING......Page 660
Soil Water Content......Page 661
REFERENCES......Page 662
HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEMS......Page 663
DRIP IRRIGATION FOR OPTIMAL RETURN, WATER CONSERVATION, AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION......Page 664
REFERENCES......Page 665
INVENTING IRRIGATION......Page 667
Evolution of Surface Irrigation Systems......Page 668
Sprinkle Irrigation Systems......Page 671
Trickle Irrigation Systems......Page 673
Water Supply......Page 674
CONCLUSION......Page 675
REFERENCES......Page 676
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 677
Site, Water Supply, and Crop......Page 678
Special Requirements......Page 679
Chemical Injection......Page 680
CONCLUSION......Page 681
REFERENCES......Page 682
EXPLORING DI......Page 683
REFERENCES......Page 684
Water Conveyance Efficiency......Page 685
Seasonal Irrigation Efficiency......Page 686
IRRIGATION UNIFORMITY......Page 687
Emission Uniformity......Page 688
REFERENCES......Page 689
Energy Transfer......Page 691
Sprinkler for Blossom Delay......Page 692
Sprinkler Application Rates......Page 693
REFERENCES......Page 694
Reservoir Storage......Page 695
Irrigation Methods......Page 696
BASIN IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY......Page 697
REFERENCES......Page 698
Current Metering......Page 700
PIPELINE FLOW METERING......Page 701
REFERENCES......Page 702
Weed Control......Page 703
Soil Water Management......Page 704
Water Quality Impacts......Page 705
REFERENCE......Page 706
IRRIGATING WITH SALINE WATERS......Page 707
REFERENCES......Page 708
CONCERNS OF IRRIGATING WITH SEWAGE EFFLUENT......Page 709
REFERENCES......Page 710
Sprinkler Laterals......Page 711
Sprinkler Equipment and Controls......Page 712
REFERENCES......Page 713
CONTINUOUS-MOVE LATERALS......Page 715
TRAVELING SPRINKLERS......Page 717
Soft-Hose Travelers......Page 718
REFERENCES......Page 719
SI SCHEDULING......Page 720
NEED FOR MODELS......Page 721
REFERENCES......Page 722
Furrow Irrigation......Page 723
IMPROVING THE OPERATION AND MANAGEMENT OF SURFACE SYSTEMS......Page 724
Precision Land Leveling......Page 726
Wastewater Recovery and Reuse......Page 727
REFERENCES......Page 728
BACKGROUND......Page 729
Paleoclimate and Climate Change Studies......Page 730
REFERENCES......Page 731
SPECIFIC HYDROLOGIC SCIENCE JOURNALS......Page 733
Examples of Journals for Hydrologic Sciences Covering Agricultural Issues......Page 734
Examples of Agricultural Journals that Cover Hydrologic Sciences......Page 736
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 737
UNIQUE ATTRIBUTES OF KARST AQUIFERS......Page 738
FACTORS CONTROLLING THE FLOW OF GROUNDWATER IN KARST AQUIFERS......Page 739
REFERENCES......Page 741
WATER-RESOURCE PROBLEMS IN KARST AQUIFERS......Page 743
REFERENCES......Page 744
Mechanism......Page 745
REFERENCE......Page 746
Steady-State Design......Page 747
Grades......Page 748
REFERENCES......Page 749
OPEN WELLS......Page 750
AGRICULTURAL DRAINAGE WELLS (ADWs)......Page 751
TUBEWELL DRAINAGE......Page 752
CONCLUSIONS......Page 753
REFERENCES......Page 754
DEFINITIONS......Page 755
WATER IN THE LEAVES......Page 756
The Osmometer Concept......Page 757
The Effects of Cell Matrix......Page 758
METHODS OF MEASURING LEAF WATER POTENTIAL......Page 759
Compensation Methods......Page 760
The Pressure Chamber Method......Page 761
REFERENCES......Page 762
LIBRARIES: UNITED STATES......Page 764
DATABASES: FREE......Page 765
REFERENCES......Page 766
Feedlot cattle......Page 767
Horses......Page 768
Turkeys......Page 769
REFERENCES......Page 770
WATER QUALITY......Page 772
BIOLOGICAL ORGANISMS......Page 773
SOURCES OF WATER QUALITY CONTAMINATION......Page 774
REFERENCES......Page 775
WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM......Page 776
SOCIOECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS......Page 777
REFERENCES......Page 778
TYPICAL CHACTERISTICS OF LOW-IMPACT DEVELOPMENT......Page 779
SITE DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES FOR LOW-IMPACT DEVELOPMENT......Page 780
Distributed Integrated Management Practices......Page 781
REFERENCES......Page 782
WATER USE IN MANURE HANDLING......Page 783
REFERENCES......Page 784
WASHING MILKING EQUIPMENT AND MILKING PARLOR......Page 785
RAINWATER FROM ROOFS AND CONCRETE AREAS......Page 786
DEVELOPING A WATER BUDGET......Page 787
REFERENCES......Page 788
POULTRY MANURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM......Page 789
WATER REQUIREMENTS AND UTILIZATION OF WASTEWATER......Page 790
REFERENCES......Page 791
PIT STORAGE SYSTEMS......Page 792
REFERENCES......Page 793
WATER RIGHTS......Page 794
FUTURE OF WATER MARKETING......Page 795
REFERENCES......Page 796
MATRIC POTENTIAL IN PLANT PHYSIOLOGY......Page 797
CONCLUSIONS......Page 798
REFERENCES......Page 799
Surface Water Sampling......Page 800
Sampling for Viral Analysis......Page 801
Sampling for Protozoan Analysis......Page 802
REFERENCES......Page 803
THE TRANSPORT, STORAGE, AND AVAILABILITY OF METALS IN THE ALLUVIAL ENVIRONMENT......Page 804
AN EXAMPLE OF MINING IMPACT: RUM JUNGLE MINE, NORTHERN AUSTRALIA......Page 805
REFERENCES......Page 807
FORM AND PROCESS......Page 808
SEDIMENTOLOGY AND SOILS......Page 809
CONCLUSIONS......Page 811
REFERENCES......Page 812
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS......Page 813
CONCLUSION......Page 815
REFERENCES......Page 816
Ammonium Nitrogen......Page 817
Nitrate Nitrogen......Page 818
REFERENCES......Page 822
IMPLICATIONS TO SOIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY......Page 823
MANAGEMENT AND/OR REMEDIATION OF NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION......Page 824
REFERENCES......Page 825
Use Calibrated Soil Tests for Phosphorus and Potassium......Page 826
Manage Manure to Maximize Benefits......Page 827
REFERENCES......Page 828
INFORMATION PROVIDED......Page 830
REFERENCES......Page 832
Electromagnetic Flowmeters......Page 833
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW MEASUREMENT......Page 834
Flumes......Page 835
REFERENCES......Page 836
ACOUSTIC DOPPLER CURRENT PROFILERS......Page 837
SPACE-BASED PLATFORMS......Page 838
REFERENCES......Page 839
Cascade Spillway......Page 840
Earthen Spillway......Page 841
Entrance Structure......Page 842
Outlet Structure......Page 843
REFERENCES......Page 844
DISSOLVED OXYGEN MEASUREMENT......Page 845
CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND......Page 846
REFERENCES......Page 847
PATHOGEN CHARACTERISTICS THAT ENHANCE PATHOGEN SURVIVAL AND TRANSMISSION......Page 848
WATER TREATMENT......Page 849
REFERENCES......Page 852
Overland Flow vs. Infiltration......Page 853
Transport Processes......Page 854
MEASURING PATHOGEN TRANSPORT......Page 855
REFERENCES......Page 856
Insecticides......Page 857
Herbicides......Page 858
Irrigation Management......Page 859
REFERENCES......Page 860
PESTICIDE TOXICITY IN SURFACE WATER......Page 861
Drift, Volatilization, and Atmospheric Transport......Page 862
REFERENCES......Page 863
CHRONOLOGY AND IDENTIFICATION OF P. PISCICIDA......Page 865
EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH......Page 866
FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDS......Page 867
REFERENCES......Page 868
INTRODUCTION......Page 869
ELECTRODE CARE AND CALIBRATION......Page 870
REFERENCES......Page 871
Occurrence and Fate in the Environment......Page 872
RISK AND RISK MANAGEMENT......Page 873
REFERENCES......Page 874
Availability and Release of P......Page 876
The Transport and Loss of P......Page 877
REFERENCES......Page 878
Dissolved P......Page 879
Particulate P......Page 880
REFERENCES......Page 881
BIOTIC PROCESSES......Page 882
INTEGRATING RIVERINE PROCESSES AND LAND USE IMPACTS ON P TRANSPORT......Page 883
DEFINING P-RELATED IMPAIRMENT IN FLOWING AND LAKE WATERS FOR TARGETED REMEDIATION......Page 884
REFERENCES......Page 886
HOW CAN CROP SENSITIVITY OF SPECIFIC STAGES BE EVALUATED?......Page 888
REFERENCES......Page 890
Plant Parameter......Page 891
Comparison and Interaction Between Parameters......Page 892
REFERENCES......Page 893
Leaf Scale......Page 895
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON STOMATA......Page 898
WEB LINKS......Page 899
WATER USE EFFICIENCY......Page 900
DEFICIT IRRIGATION......Page 901
REFERENCES......Page 902
CRITICAL GROWTH PERIODS IN ANNUAL CROPS......Page 903
REFERENCES......Page 904
KEY CONCEPTS......Page 906
GROWTH AND YIELD RESPONSES......Page 907
REFERENCES......Page 908
Solutes and Free Energy......Page 910
Osmotic Potential vs. Osmotic Pressure......Page 911
CONTROL OF SOLUTE ACCUMULATION......Page 912
REFERENCES......Page 914
SALINITY EFFECTS AND MANAGEMENT......Page 915
REFERENCES......Page 917
EFFECTS OF WATER DEVELOPMENT IN THE PLATTE RIVER BASIN......Page 918
CONCLUSIONS......Page 919
REFERENCES......Page 920
Organic Chemicals......Page 921
ASSESSMENT......Page 924
REFERENCES......Page 925
ALTERNATIVE PAVING MATERIALS......Page 927
WATER-QUALITY EFFECTS......Page 928
REFERENCES......Page 929
LATITUDINAL AND LAND–OCEAN EFFECTS......Page 930
SPACE AND TIME SCALES OF PRECIPITATION......Page 931
Orographic Enhancement......Page 933
PRECIPITATION MAPPING......Page 934
REFERENCES......Page 935
COMMON FORMS OF PRECIPITATION......Page 936
REFERENCES......Page 937
Standard Precipitation Gages in the United States......Page 938
DIRECT MEASUREMENTS OF SNOW......Page 939
REFERENCES......Page 940
SEEDING TECHNIQUES......Page 941
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 942
ESTIMATION OF PRECIPITATION WITH WEATHER RADAR......Page 943
PASSIVE MICROWAVE MEASUREMENT......Page 944
REFERENCES......Page 945
General Circulation Models......Page 946
Daily Precipitation Models......Page 947
REFERENCES......Page 949
PRECIPITATION AS A STOCHASTIC PROCESS......Page 951
EXAMPLES, PARAMETERS OF STOCHASTIC MODELS......Page 952
REFERENCES......Page 953
FRONTAL CONVERGENCE......Page 954
THERMAL CONVECTION......Page 955
REFERENCES......Page 956
CROP YIELD AND WATER USE......Page 957
SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF CROP-WATER USE......Page 958
REFERENCES......Page 960
ELEMENTS OF PRECISION CONSERVATION......Page 961
REFERENCES......Page 963
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 964
American Agricultural Economics Association......Page 965
National Ground Water Association......Page 966
World Association of Soil and Water Conservation......Page 967
REFERENCES......Page 968
INTERPRETATION OF PSYCHROMETRIC WATER POTENTIAL MEASUREMENTS......Page 969
REFERENCES......Page 970
Principles of Operation of Thermocouple Psychrometers......Page 972
Calibration of Psychrometers......Page 973
Measurement Procedure......Page 974
REFERENCES......Page 975
SCREW PUMPS......Page 977
RECIPROCATING PUMPS......Page 979
REFERENCES......Page 981
POWER REQUIREMENTS......Page 982
ENGINE FUEL USE......Page 983
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 984
Structure......Page 985
Power Supply......Page 986
REFERENCES......Page 987
SOIL MANAGEMENT UNDER CONDITIONS OF EXCESS WATER......Page 988
CROP MANAGEMENT......Page 989
REFERENCES......Page 990
Simple Rooftop Collection Systems......Page 991
Catchment Surface......Page 992
CONCLUSION......Page 993
REFERENCES......Page 994
MANAGEMENT TO ENHANCE WATER UTILIZATION......Page 995
Grazing Management......Page 996
Special Water Conservation Treatments......Page 997
REFERENCES......Page 998
Model Calibration......Page 1000
Simulated Effects of Brush Control......Page 1001
REFERENCES......Page 1002
Interception Loss......Page 1003
RUNOFF......Page 1004
SOIL WATER......Page 1005
REFERENCES......Page 1006
IMPROVING WATER MANAGEMENT AND USE TECHNOLOGIES......Page 1007
RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS......Page 1008
REFERENCES......Page 1009
SOIL WATER BALANCE......Page 1010
REFERENCES......Page 1011
WATER AND SALT TRANSPORT......Page 1013
RO MEMBRANE MODULE CONFIGURATIONS......Page 1014
RO SYSTEM CONFIGURATION......Page 1015
FEED WATER PRETREATMENT......Page 1016
RO APPLICATIONS......Page 1017
REFERENCES......Page 1018
Darcy’s Law......Page 1019
Richards’ Equation......Page 1020
REFERENCES......Page 1021
TENSION INFILTROMETERS......Page 1022
APPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS......Page 1024
REFERENCES......Page 1025
SEDIMENT STORAGE......Page 1026
RESISTANCE TO FLOW......Page 1027
CHANNEL AND FLOODPLAIN MORPHOLOGY......Page 1028
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1029
REFERENCES......Page 1030
Levees (or Embankments)......Page 1031
EFFECTS OF CHANNELIZATION......Page 1032
River Morphology and Dynamics......Page 1033
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1034
REFERENCES......Page 1035
PROCESS: DEPOSITION AND EROSION......Page 1036
CHARACTERISTICS OF ALLUVIAL CHANNELS......Page 1037
CONTROLS ON CHANNEL PATTERN......Page 1039
SUMMARY......Page 1041
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 1042
BACKGROUND......Page 1043
Water Harvesting Planning and Design......Page 1044
HYDRO-SPATIAL AHP METHODOLOGY FOR SITING WATER HARVESTING RESERVOIRS IN DRY AREAS: A CASE STUDY......Page 1045
APPLICATION AND RESULTS......Page 1047
REFERENCES......Page 1048
WATER DEVELOPMENT......Page 1050
ECOLOGICAL RESOURCES......Page 1051
REFERENCES......Page 1052
SALINE SEEP CONTROL......Page 1053
Drainage......Page 1054
REFERENCES......Page 1055
SALINITY MEASURMENTS......Page 1056
Sodium Adsorption Ratio......Page 1057
REFERENCES......Page 1058
HYDROLOGY OF THE SALTON SEA......Page 1059
Increasing Salinity......Page 1060
REFERENCES......Page 1061
PMW TECHNIQUES......Page 1063
CONCLUSION......Page 1064
REFERENCES......Page 1067
HOW TO SAMPLE A PROCESS AND IDENTIFY AN APPROPRIATE SAMPLING SCALE......Page 1069
ASPECTS OF SCALE TRANSITIONS......Page 1070
REFERENCES......Page 1072
CRITICAL SEAS AND LAKES......Page 1074
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1075
REFERENCES......Page 1076
EXAMPLES OF CATCHMENT SEDIMENT BUDGETS......Page 1077
ESTABLISHING A CATCHMENT SEDIMENT BUDGET......Page 1079
REFERENCES......Page 1080
SUSPENDED SEDIMENT LOAD......Page 1082
BEDLOAD......Page 1083
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1084
REFERENCES......Page 1085
Organic Selenium......Page 1086
REFERENCES......Page 1087
Initialization and Abstraction......Page 1089
Experimentation and Validation......Page 1090
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1091
REFERENCES......Page 1092
MACROPORE FLOW OF SOLUTES......Page 1093
REFERENCES......Page 1095
BACKGROUND......Page 1096
REFERENCES......Page 1098
CAPACITANCE PROBE DESIGNS......Page 1099
HOW ARE CAPACITANCE PROBES CALIBRATED?......Page 1100
REAL-TIME SOIL WATER PROFILE DYNAMICS MONITORED WITH MULTISENSOR CAPACITANCE PROBES......Page 1101
REFERENCES......Page 1102
GMS Placement and Installation......Page 1103
Water Potential Measurements at Multiple Depths......Page 1104
Automated Logging of Soil Water Potential Data......Page 1105
Limitations of GMS......Page 1106
REFERENCES......Page 1107
FIELD PRACTICE......Page 1108
FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONS......Page 1109
REFERENCES......Page 1110
NEUTRON MOISTURE METERS......Page 1111
ACCESS TUBES AND DEPTH CONTROL......Page 1112
CALIBRATION......Page 1113
REFERENCES......Page 1114
EXAMPLE......Page 1116
LIMITATIONS......Page 1117
REFERENCES......Page 1118
Depth Limitation Based on Design......Page 1119
Installation Techniques......Page 1120
What is Water Potential?......Page 1121
REFERENCES......Page 1122
THEORY......Page 1123
APPLICABILITY......Page 1124
WAVEFORM INTERPRETATION......Page 1125
REFERENCES......Page 1126
NON-WETTABLE SOIL......Page 1128
REFERENCES......Page 1129
SOIL-WATER PRESSURE......Page 1131
SOIL-WATER FLOWDYNAMICS......Page 1132
CAPILLARY RISE OF WATER IN SOILS......Page 1133
REFERENCES......Page 1134
WATER DIFFUSION......Page 1135
WATER VAPOR DIFFUSION......Page 1136
REFERENCES......Page 1137
Other Factors and Terminology......Page 1138
MEASUREMENT OF SOIL WATER POTENTIAL......Page 1139
REFERENCES......Page 1140
BASIC LAWS OF SATURATED WATER FLOW......Page 1141
PREFERENTIAL FLOW......Page 1143
REFERENCES......Page 1144
SOIL-WATER RETENTION......Page 1145
UNSATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY......Page 1146
MODELING OF UNSATURATED SOIL WATER FLOW......Page 1147
REFERENCES......Page 1148
OVERVIEW......Page 1149
USING THE SHRINKAGE CURVE TO DETERMINE THE SPECIFIC PARAMETERS OF THE PEDOSTRUCTURE......Page 1150
USING THE SWELLING CURVE TO DETERMINE PARAMETERS OF THE PEDOSTRUCTURE DYNAMICS......Page 1151
CONCEPTUAL REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTARY VOLUME OF PEDOSTRUCTURE......Page 1153
REFERENCES......Page 1154
BACKGROUND INFORMATION......Page 1155
Solute Movement......Page 1156
REFERENCES......Page 1157
CROP ROOTING CHARACTERISTICS......Page 1158
WATER MOVEMENT THROUGH THE PLANT......Page 1159
MEASUREMENT OF PAW......Page 1160
REFERENCES......Page 1161
Electrical Conductivity of Soil Solution Extracts......Page 1162
Electrical Resistivity......Page 1163
Time Domain Reflectometry......Page 1164
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE APPARENT SOIL ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT......Page 1165
REFERENCES......Page 1166
SOIL MOISTURE SENSORS FOR IRRIGATION CONTROL......Page 1168
CONCLUSIONS......Page 1171
REFERENCES......Page 1172
OVERVIEW......Page 1173
FIELD CAPACITY IN DEEP, WELL-DRAINED SOIL PROFILES: ESTIMATION AND APPROXIMATION......Page 1174
CONCLUSION......Page 1175
REFERENCES......Page 1176
OVERVIEW......Page 1177
UNSATURATED CONDITIONS......Page 1178
REFERENCES......Page 1179
Soil water characteristic......Page 1181
Engineering Properties......Page 1182
Thermocouple Psychrometry......Page 1183
REFERENCES......Page 1184
THE SUNFLOWER METHOD......Page 1185
DISCUSSION......Page 1186
REFERENCES......Page 1187
Subsurface Properties......Page 1188
REFERENCES......Page 1190
ESTIMATING SOIL WATER PERCOLATION......Page 1192
PERCOLATION TESTS......Page 1193
REFERENCES......Page 1194
TRANSPORT PROCESSES......Page 1195
CONVECTION–DISPERSION EQUATION......Page 1196
REFERENCES......Page 1197
SOIL WATER, CHEMICAL AND HYDRAULIC SIGNALING......Page 1199
INTEGRATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSES......Page 1200
REFERENCES......Page 1201
WATER RELEASE IN AN AQUIFER......Page 1203
STORATIVITY AND SPECIFIC YIELD......Page 1204
FIELD ESTIMATION OF STORATIVITY AND SPECIFIC YIELD......Page 1205
FIELD CONDITIONS AND RANGE OF VALUES......Page 1206
REFERENCES......Page 1207
Conveyance Facilities......Page 1208
Implementation Approaches......Page 1209
Water Quality Facilities......Page 1210
REFERENCES......Page 1211
DIRECT METHODS......Page 1212
VEGETATION......Page 1213
REFERENCES......Page 1216
CONSERVATION TILLAGE FALLOW......Page 1217
REFERENCES......Page 1219
ANIMAL MANURE AS A SOURCE OF NUTRIENTS TO SURFACE WATERS......Page 1221
REDUCING POTENTIAL PHOSPHORUS LOSSES FROM ANIMAL MANURE......Page 1222
RISK BASED MODELS FOR MANURE APPLICATION......Page 1223
REFERENCES......Page 1224
NITRATE LEVELS IN SURFACE WATERS......Page 1225
REFERENCES......Page 1228
Fertilizers......Page 1230
SPATIAL VARIABILITY......Page 1231
Hydrologic Process Models......Page 1232
The Role of Fertilizer Use Efficiency......Page 1233
REFERENCES......Page 1234
INTRODUCTION......Page 1236
Physical Impacts......Page 1237
Biological Impacts......Page 1238
REGULATORY ENFORCEMENT......Page 1239
REFERENCES......Page 1240
Release of Phosphorus from Soil......Page 1241
Transport and Loss of Phosphorus......Page 1242
REFERENCES......Page 1243
Water Rights Administration......Page 1245
Water-Use Preferences......Page 1246
RESERVED WATER RIGHTS......Page 1247
REFERENCES......Page 1248
Manually Operated Samplers......Page 1249
Automatic Samplers......Page 1250
FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR MEASURING SUSPENDED-SEDIMENT DISCHARGE......Page 1251
REFERENCES......Page 1252
Cycling System......Page 1254
Sequence System......Page 1255
OPERATION OF TAILWATER RECOVERY SYSTEMS......Page 1256
REFERENCES......Page 1257
WHY IS TAMARISK A SUCCESSFUL INVADER?......Page 1258
Physical Impacts to Riparian Systems......Page 1260
CONTROL MEASURES......Page 1261
REFERENCES......Page 1262
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 1263
FOREST HYDROLOGY......Page 1264
VARIATION IN SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES AND THEIR HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS......Page 1265
REFERENCES......Page 1266
Electrical Conductivity Measurements Using TDR......Page 1268
Electrical Conductivity Calibration Models and Methods for Soils and Porous Media......Page 1269
REFERENCES......Page 1270
BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE CLEAN WATER ACT......Page 1272
THE ROLE OF TMDLs IN ACHIEVING THE ACT’S GOALS......Page 1273
REFERENCES......Page 1274
STOMATA......Page 1275
LEAF TRANSPIRATION RATE......Page 1276
CANOPY TRANSPIRATION RATE......Page 1277
REFERENCES......Page 1279
Photosynthesis......Page 1280
Water-Use Efficiency (WUE)......Page 1281
Reproductive Growth and Seed Yield......Page 1282
REFERENCES......Page 1283
CAUSE OF VARIATION IN TE......Page 1285
Selection Tools for TE......Page 1286
SCOPE FOR GENETIC ENHANCEMENT OF TE IN AGRICULTURAL CROPS......Page 1288
REFERENCES......Page 1289
Scaling Transpiration from Leaves To Canopies......Page 1292
REFERENCES......Page 1294
TRANSPIRATION EFFICIENCY UNITS......Page 1295
REFERENCES......Page 1296
INTRODUCTION......Page 1298
Dynamic Equilibrium......Page 1299
Channel-Forming Discharges......Page 1300
Active Floodplain Minimum Size Requirements......Page 1301
DISCUSSION......Page 1303
REFERENCES......Page 1304
Structural Aspects of Roots......Page 1306
Patterns of Root Water Uptake......Page 1307
REFERENCES......Page 1308
Microscopic Water Extraction Models......Page 1309
A New Concept for Modeling Root-Water Extraction......Page 1310
REFERENCES......Page 1312
ALTERATION OF HYDROLOGIC PROCESSES......Page 1313
HYDROGRAPH EFFECTS......Page 1314
MITIGATION......Page 1315
REFERENCES......Page 1316
POINT OR NON-POINT SOURCES OF POLLUTION?......Page 1317
Microbiological Contaminants......Page 1318
Nutrients and Other Concerns......Page 1319
REFERENCES......Page 1320
Sources of Contamination......Page 1321
Improving Waste Disposal Practices......Page 1322
Active Remediation of Existing Contamination......Page 1323
REFERENCES......Page 1324
Non-Isothermal Flow......Page 1325
Mulching and Dryland Farming......Page 1326
Fertilizer Placement and Waste Management......Page 1327
REFERENCES......Page 1328
VIRTUAL WATER IS INVISIBLE, SILENT, AND VITAL......Page 1330
VIRTUAL WATER ENHANCES FOOD SECURITY IN EGYPT......Page 1332
REFERENCES......Page 1333
Example 1: Comparative Advantage with the Same Water Endowment......Page 1334
Example 2: Comparative Advantage with Different Water Endowments......Page 1335
REFERENCES......Page 1336
INTERNATIONAL VIRTUAL WATER FLOWS......Page 1337
DISCUSSION......Page 1338
REFERENCES......Page 1340
CROP SELECTION AND DIVERSIFICATION......Page 1341
IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT......Page 1342
SOIL-BASED INTERVENTIONS......Page 1343
REFERENCES......Page 1344
EXTENTS AND LIVELIHOOD BENEFITS......Page 1345
POSSIBLE HEALTH IMPACTS AND RISKS......Page 1346
REFERENCES......Page 1347
BIOLOGICAL POLLUTANTS......Page 1348
CHEMICALS......Page 1349
CONCLUSION......Page 1350
REFERENCES......Page 1351
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS......Page 1352
Irrigation and Water Management......Page 1353
Seedbed Preparation and Planting Techniques......Page 1354
REFERENCES......Page 1355
MANAGEMENT ALLOWABLE DEPLETION......Page 1356
Irrigation Scheduling......Page 1357
REFERENCES......Page 1360
WATER NEEDS BY PRODUCT......Page 1361
REFERENCES......Page 1364
TYPES OF WATER HARVESTING FOR CROPS......Page 1365
POTENTIAL OF WATER HARVESTING......Page 1366
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF WATER HARVESTING......Page 1367
REFERENCES......Page 1368
HYDROGEN BONDING AND ITS ROLE IN THE STRUCTURE OF ICE, WATER, AND STEAM......Page 1369
WATER AS A SOLVENT FOR SALTS......Page 1370
REFERENCES......Page 1371
CLASSIFICATION OF WATER QUALITY MODELS......Page 1372
Explanation of Large-Scale Systems Behavior......Page 1373
REFERENCES......Page 1374
Livestock Impacts on Soil......Page 1375
BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS......Page 1376
REFERENCES......Page 1377
CHARACTERISTICS OF SURFACE RUNOFF......Page 1379
Multislot Divisor Systems......Page 1381
MANUAL SAMPLING......Page 1382
REFERENCES......Page 1383
ELEMENTS OF A WHPP......Page 1384
Protection Zones......Page 1385
VOLUNTARY SWPP......Page 1386
REFERENCES......Page 1387
ANALYSIS OF CUTTING SAMPLES AND LOGS......Page 1389
CHOOSING A CASING AND BORE HOLE SIZE......Page 1390
REFERENCES......Page 1391
CONCEPTS......Page 1392
DARCIAN FLOW......Page 1393
MECHANICS OF AQUIFER YIELD AND STORAGE......Page 1394
PARTIALLY PENETRATING WELLS......Page 1395
REFERENCES......Page 1396
CASE STUDIES—ISSUES AND CONCERNS......Page 1397
Treatment of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Engineered or Constructed Wetland......Page 1398
REFERENCES......Page 1400
Constructed vs. Natural Wetlands......Page 1401
TREATMENT PROCESSES......Page 1402
VSB Wetlands......Page 1403
CONCLUSION......Page 1404
REFERENCES......Page 1405
Riparian Swamps......Page 1406
Northern Peatlands......Page 1407
REFERENCES......Page 1408
WIND EROSION AND DEPOSITION PROCESSES......Page 1410
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF SOIL DUST......Page 1411
REFERENCES......Page 1412
DISCUSSION......Page 1413
REFERENCES......Page 1415