Agricultural Biocatalysis: Biological and Chemical Applications

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Section 1: Biological Control
Chapater 1: Biological Control of Phytopathogenic Fungi: Mechanisms and Potentials
1.1: Introduction
1.2: Endophytic Microorganisms as a Source of Potential Antifungal Compounds
1.3: Bacteria as Antifungal Compound Source: A Sustainable Alternative
1.4: Bacterial Secondary Metabolites
1.4.1: Diffusible Antifungal Substances
1.4.2: Volatile Organic Compounds
1.5: Other Strategies for Fungal Biocontrol
1.5.1: Hydrolytic Enzymes
1.5.2: Competition
1.5.3: Induced Systemic Resistance
1.5.4: Fungi as Biological Control Agents
1.5.5: Virus-Induced Hypovirulence as Biological Control Tool Against Plant Fungal Diseases
1.5.6: Archaea: A Possible Source of Antimicrobial Compounds
1.5.7: Suppressive Soils Inhibit Soilborne Fungus Pathogen
1.6: Register of Biological Products Against Phytopathogenic Fungi
1.7: Final Consideration
Chapater 2: Sustainable Phage-Based Strategies to Control Bacterial Diseases in Agriculture
2.1: Introduction
2.2: Bacteriophages: A Brief Overview on History, Ecology, and Physiology
2.2.1: History of Bacteriophage Research
2.2.2: Ecological and Evolutionary Implications of Phages
2.2.3: Phage Physiology
2.3: Phage Life Cycles
2.4: Bacteriophages as Biocontrol Agents
2.4.1: Whole Phages as Antimicrobial Agents
2.4.2: Engineered Bacteriolytic Phages with Improved Host Range and Biocontrol Activities
2.4.3: Phage-Derived Lytic Enzymes
2.4.4: Bacteriophages as Sources of Novel Antibacterial Molecules
2.5: Temperate Phages as Targeted Carrier Systems
2.6: Phages as Biosensors for Pathogen Detection
2.7: Phage-Based Biocontrol Strategies in Agriculture
2.8: Summary and Conclusion
Chapater 3: Elimination of Gut Bacteria from Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Using Antibiotics Reduces the Binding and Pore-Forming Activity of Cry Toxins
3.1: Introduction
3.2: Optimization of Antibiotic Dose for Elimination of Midgut Bacteria
3.3: Proteolytic Processing of Cry1Ac Protoxin
3.4: Diet Absorption Studies
3.5: Enzymes Activity Assay
3.6: Dot Immunoblotting
3.7: Binding of Cry Toxins to Larval BBMVS
3.8: Pore-Forming Activity of Cry1Ac and Cry1Ab
3.9: Conclusion
Section 2: Plant Uptake and Plant Growth
Chapater 4: Metal Nanoparticles Applications and Their Release into Surrounding: Perspectives of Plant Uptake and Effects on Phytohormones
4.1: Introduction
4.2: Metal NPs Applications and Presence in the Environment
4.2.1: Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Cosmetics Applications of Metal NPs
4.2.2: Metal NPs in Food Industry
4.2.3: Metal NPs in Environmental Fields
4.2.4: Metal NPs in Construction Field
4.2.5: Metal NPs in Electronics
4.2.6: Applications of Metal NPs in Other Industries
4.2.7: Potential Applications of Metal NPs in Agriculture
4.2.7.1: Nano fertilizers
4.2.7.2: Nano-pesticides
4.2.7.3: Nano-sensors
4.3: Mechanism of Metal NPs Uptake and Translocation by Plants
4.3.1: Metal NPs Uptake by Plants
4.3.2: Metal NPs Translocation and Accumulation in Plant Tissues
4.3.2.1: Root exposure and uptake of metal NPs
4.3.2.2: Foliar exposure and uptake of metal NPs
4.4: Phytotoxicity of Metal NPs: Insight into Plant Hormones
4.4.1: Phytotoxic Effect of Metal NPs on Phytohormones at Molecular Level
4.5: Conclusion
Chapater 5: Utilization of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria with Multiple Beneficial Traits in Agricultural Biotechnology for Crop Improvement
5.1: Introduction
5.2: Improvement of Crop Health by PGPR
5.2.1: Direct Effects of PGPR on Plant Growth
5.2.1.1: Nitrogen fixation
5.2.1.2: Solubilization of insoluble minerals by PGPR
5.2.1.3: Phytohormone production
5.2.2: Indirect Effects of PGPR on Plant Health
5.2.2.1: Direct effects on pathogens
5.2.2.2: Indirect effect on pathogens – ISR
5.3: Alleviation of Stresses
5.4: Bioformulation of PGPR, Marketing, and its Commercialization
5.5: Conclusion
Section 3: Plant Stress
Chapater 6: Salinity Stress in Plants and Role of Microbes in Its Alleviation
6.1: Introduction
6.2: Soil Salinity and Its Effect on Plant
6.3: Physiological and Biochemical Basis of Salt Tolerance
6.4: Role of ROS in Salt Stress
6.5: Alternate Splicing in Plants During Saline Stress
6.6: Role of Microorganism in Alleviating Salt Stress in Crops
6.7: Microbes Produce Plant Growth Regulators in Salt Tolerance
6.8: Microbial Biofilms in Salt Stress
6.9: Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Chapater 7: Auxin and Stringolactone Interaction in Extreme Phosphate Conditions
7.1: Introduction
7.2: Plant Material, Plant Growth, and Cultivation Conditions
7.3: Performed Analyses of In Vitro Transgenic and WT Seedlings of M. Truncatula Grown in Conditions of Phosphate Deficiency or Excess, and in Normal Conditions
7.3.1: Phenotypic Analyses of M. Truncatula Plants with Modified Auxin Transport and WT
7.3.2: Biometric Measurements of M. Truncatula Plants with Modified Auxin Transport and WT
7.3.3: Morphological Evaluation of Leaf and Root Epidermis of M. Truncatula Plants with Modified Auxin Transport and WT
7.3.4: qRT-PCR Analysis of M. Truncatula Plants with Modified Auxin Transport and WT
7.3.5: Statistical Analyses
7.4: Application of Exogenous 2,4-D on In Vitro Transgenic and WT Seedlings of M. Truncatula Grown in Conditions of Phosphate Deficiency or Excess, and in Normal Conditions
7.4.1: Phenotypic Analyses of M. Truncatula Plants with Modified Auxin Transport and WT Treated with 2,4-D
7.4.2: Biometric Measurements of M. Truncatula Plants with Modified Auxin Transport and WT Treated with 2,4-D
7.4.3: Morphological Evaluation of Leaf and Root Epidermis of M. Truncatula Plants with Modified Auxin Transport and WT Treated with 2,4-D
7.4.4: qRT-PCR Analysis of M. Truncatula Plants with Modified Auxin Transport and WT afte Treatment with 2,4-D
7.4.5: Statistical Analyses
7.5: Conclusion
Section 4: Genome Editing in Plants
Chapater 8: Food and Feed Safety Considerations for Gene-Edited and Other Genetically Modified Crops
8.1: Introduction
8.2: Background: Gene Editing
8.3: Safety Assessment of Food and Feeds from GM Crops
8.3.1: Comparative Safety Assessment Approach
8.3.2: Potential Unintended Effects
8.3.3: Potential Toxicity
8.3.3.1: General considerations
8.3.3.2: Newly expressed proteins
8.3.3.3: Non-protein plant constituents
8.3.3.4: Whole food in vivo testing
8.3.4: Potential Allergenicity
8.3.4.1: General considerations
8.3.4.2: Newly expressed proteins
8.3.4.3: Whole food allergenicity
8.3.5: Nutritional Assessment
8.3.6: Post-Market Monitoring
8.4: Specific Considerations for Safety Assessment of Gene-Edited Crops
8.5: Regulation of Gene-Edited Crops
8.6: Conclusion
Chapater 9: Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Transformation Systems for Genetic Manipulation in Agriculturally Important Fungi
9.1: Introduction
9.2: The Key Components of ATMT Systems
9.2.1: A. tumefaciens and Molecular Mechanism of Gene Transfer
9.2.2:
Binary Vectors
9.2.3: Selection Markers
9.2.4: Fungal Strains as Recipients for the ATMT Systems
9.3: A Typical Experimental Procedure of ATMT in Fungi
9.4: Applications of ATMT in Studies on Agriculturally Important Fungi
9.4.1: As a Tool for Inspecting Molecular Mechanism of Plant Infection by Fungal Pathogens
9.4.2: As a Tool for Studies on Plant-Beneficial Fungi
9.4.3: As a Tool for Improving or Eliminating Fungal Metabolites
9.4.4: As a Tool for Genetic Manipulation in Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms
9.5: Future Perspectives
Section 5: Agrochemicals
Chapater 10: Potential Effect of Organophosphate Compounds on Non-Target Sites of Cotton Bollworm, Helicoverpa Armigera
10.1: Introduction
10.2: Bioassay of Insecticides
10.2.1: In vivo Assay of Acetylcholine Esterase
10.2.2: In vitro Effect of Insecticides on Mitochondrial Respiration
10.2.3: In vivo Effect of Insecticides on Mitochondrial Respiration
10.2.4: In vitro and in vivo Effect of Insecticides on Mitochondrial Enzyme Complexes
10.2.5: In vitro Release of Cytochrome C
10.2.6: Influence of Insecticides on Oxidative Stress
10.2.7: Influence of Insecicides on Antioxidant Enzymes
10.3: Conclusion
Chapater 11: Agricultural Fungicides Targeting the Cytochrome bc1 Complex
11.1: Introduction
11.2: An Overview of Cytochrome bc1 Complex, Structure, and Function
11.3: Inhibitors of bc1 Complex and Their Mode of Binding
11.4: Tools to Study Mode of Action of bc1 Complex Inhibitors
11.5: Agricultural Fungicides Targeting bc1 Complex and Target Site Resistance Mutations
11.5.1: Quinone Outside Inhibitors
11.5.2: Quinone Inside Inhibitors
11.6: Conclusion
Chapater 12: Chiral Agrochemicals
12.1: Introduction
12.2: Stereochemistry Approach in Modern Crop Protection
12.2.1: Importance of Chirality in Agrochemicals
12.2.2: Technical Manufacturing Methods for Preparing Chiral Agrochemicals
12.2.3: Regulatory Consequences for Chiral Agrochemicals
12.2.4: Chiral Agrochemicals in the Past 10 Years
12.3: Chiral Herbicides
12.3.1: Cellulose Biosynthesis Inhibitors
12.3.2: AHAS/ALS Inhibitors
12.3.3: Selected Chiral Development Candidate Herbicides
12.4: Chiral Fungicides
12.4.1: Fungicidal Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors
12.4.2: Fungicidal Quinone Outside Inhibitors
12.4.3: Fungicidal Quinone Inside Inhibitors
12.4.4: Fungicidal Sterolbiosynthesis
12.4.5: PKS Inhibitors
12.4.6: Fungicidal OBP Inhibitors
12.4.7: Selected Chiral Fungicide Development Candidates
12.5: Chiral Insecticides
12.5.1: nAChR Competitive Modulators
12.5.2: GluCl Channel Allosteric Modulators
12.5.3: GABA-Gated Chloride Channel Allosteric Modulators
12.5.4: Chordotonal Organ TRPV Channel Modulators
12.5.5: Selected Chiral Development Candidate Insecticides
12.6: Chiral Acaricides
12.6.1: Selected Chiral Development Candidate Acaricides
12.7: Chiral Nematicides
12.7.1: Acetylcholine Esterase Inhibitors
12.7.2: Selected Chiral Development Candidate Nematicides
12.8: Summary and Prospects
Chapater 13: Asymmetric Biosynthesis of L-Phosphinothricin
13.1: Introduction
13.2: Asymmetric Resolution of D,L-PPT to L-PPT by D-Amino Acid Oxidase
13.2.1: Flavin-Dependent Substrate Dehydrogenation Mechanism of DAAO
13.2.2: Redesign DAAO for Synthesis
13.2.3: Application of DAAO
13.3: Asymmetric Synthesis of L-PPT by Transaminase
13.3.1: Mechanism of Biocatalysis of TA
13.3.2: Screening of TA for Synthesizing L-PPT
13.4: Asymmetric Biosynthesis of L-PPT by Amino Acid Dehydrogenase
13.4.1: Mechanism of Biocatalysis of AADH
13.4.2: Redesign of GluDH for Asymmetric Synthesis of L-PPT
13.5: Enzyme Cascade for Biocatalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of L-PPT
13.6: Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects
Index